<p>The Manas River  is a transboundary river in the Himalayan foothills between southern Bhutan and India.</p><br>
<p>It is named after Manasa, the serpent god in Hindu mythology. It is the largest river system of Bhutan, among its four major river systems; the other three are Amo Chu or Torsa river, Wong Chu or Raidak, Mo Chu or Sankosh. It is met by three other major streams before it again debouches into India in western Assam. The total length of the river is 376 km, flows through Bhutan for 272 km and then through Assam for 104 km before it joins the mighty Brahmaputra River at Jogighopa. Another major tributary of the Manas, the Aie river joins it in Assam at Bangpari.</p><br>
<p>The river valley has two major reserve forest areas, namely the Royal Manas National Park (43,854 hectare, established in 1966) in Bhutan and the contiguous Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (391,000 hectare in 1955 increased to 95,000 hectare in December 1985) encompassing Project Tiger reserve, an elephant teserve and a biosphere reserve, which constitutes a UNESCO World Heritage Site declared in December 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Manas River drains 41,350 km&sup2; of eastern Bhutan and northeast India. It has three major branches: the Drangme Chhu, Mangde Chhu, and Bumthang Chhu that cover most of eastern Bhutan, with the Tongsa and Bumthang valleys also forming part of its catchment. The area drained in Bhutan territory is 18,300 km and is bound by the geographical coordinates 26.217&deg;N latitude, 90.633&deg;E longitude. A part of the main stem of the river rises in the southern Tibet before entering into India at Bumla pass at the northwestern corner of Arunachal Pradesh.</p><br>
<p>The river flows through Bhutan in a south-west direction between two ranges of the Lower Himalayas in V-shaped gorges and enters into Assam in India into the south-central foot hills of the Himalayas. The valley opens up in the foot hills; marked by the formation of swamps and marshes in the plains. The upper catchment is snow bound while the middle and lower catchment are thickly forested.</p><br>
<p>The river system as a whole in Bhutan constitutes a length of 3,200 km, the main stem of the river is the Manas or Gongri river, which originates in the West Kameng District of Arunachal Pradesh in India and after flowing in a south westerly direction (the rivers in Bhutan generally flow from northwest to southwest) enters Bhutan near Tashigang. At Tashigong, it is joined by the Kulong Chu, which rises in the northern Himalaya snow ranges of Bhutan. At Tashigong, the bed width of the river is about 550 m and river bed elevation is 606 m. The river Kulong Chu is formed by two rivers namely, the Tongsa (Mangde) Chu that rises in northern Bhutan near Kula Kangri Peak where the elevation is 1,666 m and the Bumthang River, also called Murchangphy Chu; the combined stream joins the Manas river.</p><br>
<p>The Lhobrak, or Kuri Chhu, is the main central tributary of the Manas. It is the only river that rises north of the Great Himalayas and it joins the Manas in southern Bhutan; further downstream of the combined stream joining at the Tongsa Chu. Here, the river bed level is 121 m. After flowing in a generally south-westerly direction for about 29 km in Bhutan, the Aie river enters In India into the Goalpara district of Assam at the village of Agrong. From here, it follows a meandering course for about 75 km and outfalls into the Brahmaputra near Jogigopa. Aie River, which rises in the Black mountains at an altitude of about 4,915 m near the village of Bangpari, is about 110 km in length. The total length of the Manas measured along its longest tributary the Kur is 376 km, out of which about 104 km lies in India.</p><br>
<p>The river valley in the foothills is surrounded by small meadows located among thickly deciduous forested foothills with many rivulets, streams and natural drainage channels related to the river system. In the lower reaches of the river, there are many smooth sandy stretches populated with trees.</p><br>
<p>The foot hills in Bhutan and India known as Terai and the Duars (A Sanskrit word meaning "passes" or "gates"), which encompass 15 - stretch of the foot hills and which are very fertile. Each Duar (with elevation varying from 100 m to near sea level as they join the Brahmaputra river) is named after a stream or hemmed between two streams. Some part of the Duars in Bhutan was under British control. The fertile lands have been developed into tea estates and paddy fields.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The catchment is wholly mountainous, rising within the space of 140 km from an elevation of about 100 m near the Indian border to the great Himalayan peaks at over 7,500 m along the main Himalayan range bordering Bhutan and Tibet. The huge elevation range and varied climatic conditions are reflected in the great ecological diversity and rich fauna and flora in the river catchment.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate is extremely varied, ranging from hot and humid subtropical conditions in the south to cold and dry alpine conditions in the north. From May to October, the southwest monsoon brings heavy rainfall&mdash;more than 4,000 mm to the southern part&mdash;and there is a pronounced dry season in winter. Further north, the rainfall is generally scanty, of the order of 600 to 700 mm, recorded during June–August.</p><br>
<p>The difference between maximum and minimum river flow in monsoon and the dry months is said to be as much as 20 times. The Manas river, the largest north bank tributary of the Brahmaputra, has a recorded maximum discharge of 7,641 cubic metres and contributes 5.48% of the total flows of the Brahmaputra. Its total length up to its confluence with the Brahmaputra is 375 km (270 km in hills and balance in plains) and raises at an altitude of4,500 m. It has a total catchment area of 41,350 km&sup2; out of which 85.9% is in hills and plains.</p><br>
<h2>Reserved areas</h2><br>
<p>Out of the large catchment of the river valley, protected or reserved areas have been specifically demarcated, both in Bhutan and India, which are declared national parks or sanctuaries. The two reserved forest and wild life areas cover an area of 9,938.54 km&sup2, which account for about 24% of the total catchment area of 41,350 km&sup2; of the Manas river valley; brief details are provided.</p><br>
<h3>Royal Manas National Park</h3><br>
<p>Royal Manas National Park in southern Bhutan, considered the national heritage of Bhutan, was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1996 and subsequently raised to the status of a national park in 1993. Covering an area of 9,938.54 km&sup2, the area is forested to the extent of 92% and is a well-preserved Eastern Himalayan ecosystem. The park is bounded on its north by the Black Mountain National Park and the Manas Tiger Reserve on its South in India. Within Bhutan, biological corridors linked with the park are the Thrumshingla National Park in the North, Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary in the West, and Khaling Wildlife Sanctuary in the East. As researched so far, the park has a large diversity of tropical grasslands, temperate moist forests, alpine meadows, and scrublands. The various flora and fauna identified in the park are 45 species of mammals, 366 species of birds and 900 species of vascular plants. World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is actively working on a conservation management plan in association with local wildlife authorities to preserve and protect this national heritage.</p><br>
<p>Some of the important faunal species identified are: the royal Bengal tiger, elephant, gaur (Bos gaurus), four rare species of golden langur (Trachypithecus geei), pygmy hog (Sus salvanius), hispid hare (Caprolagus hispidus), greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) and wild Asiatic water buffalo (Bubalus arnee). There are 362 species of birds, out of which four species of hornbills (rufous-necked, wreathed, pied and great Indian) have been recorded. Apart from the Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) other aquan species identified in the river are the deep bodied mahseer (Tor tor), golden mahseer (Tor putitora), and chocolate mahseer or katle (Acrossocheilus hexangonolepis). Five thousand people live within the park limits in several villages. Tigers, the most revered animal in Bhutan, are estimated to number about 100 and are mostly in this national park and the neighbouring Manas National Park in India</p><br>
<p>The world&#39;s rarest monkeys, the golden langur, which flourish in dense forests, “with its long tail with a tassel at the end, are found both in Bhutan and India, in the two reserved forest sanctuaries. These monkeys found in groups have no hair on their black face but have generous golden ruff on their body. They are found in large numbers – 180 in India and 1200 in Bhutan, as per counts made in 1978 and 1980 respectively.</p><br>
<h3>Manas Wild Life Sanctuary</h3><br>
<p>The Manas Wild Life Sanctuary, located in Assam, is considered as one of "Asias finest wild life reserves" and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is contiguous to the Bhutans Royal National Park to its north. It now encompasses a bio reserve, a tiger reserve and also an elephant reserve. The park is well forested and also comprises grass lands and marshes. In 1928, the core of the area was designated a sanctuary and in 1978 it was declared a tiger reserve.</p><br>
<p>Manas River and another tributary of Manas, the Hakua, flow through the sanctuary. A thick mantle of alluvium is the dominant soil of the terrain. Under subtropical climatic conditions (with 30 mm of annual rainfall and temperature varying from a maximum of 30 &deg;C and a minimum of 5 &deg;C), the forest consists of the semi-evergreen forest vegetation with mixed deciduous, littorals and swamps, and interspersed with bamboo and cane. Flooding occurs in large parts of the Bio Reserve.</p><br>
<p>The park is managed under several conservation management units such as the Core Zone, the Buffer Zone, and the Economic Zone. The park is known for its rare and endangered endemic wildlife such as the tigers, elephants, Assam roofed turtle, hispid hare, golden and capped langurs and pygmy hog, one-horned rhinoceros, Asiatic buffalo, swamp deer, barking deers, leopards, clouded leopards, marbled cats, sloth bears, hoolock gibbons, wild boar, gharials, crocodiles, and river dolphins. Reptiles consist of pythons, common Indian crocodile, common wolf snake, cat snake and many other species. Birds listed include hornbills, common crane, common redshank, Eurasian woodcock, spotted eagles, black-throated diver, little grebe, different types of herons, black ibis, Eurasian sparrowhawk, spot-bellied eagle-owl and several others. The park is home for 22 endangered mammal species. Fish species identified are: katli, jurraha, chenga, telliah, labeo and mahaseer. Conservation measures have been undertaken to prevent poaching, overfishing, encroachments, and many other related issues. These measures are meant to minimise human interference in the fragile core zone, creation of a data base and carry out research on animal and plant populations for better conservation of the ecosystem.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, the park has been central to the Bodoland agitation of Assam as the Bodos dominating the area took refuge in the sanctuary. Bodos have been demanding autonomy or a separate state of their own on grounds that their lands were incorporated into Assam during the British Raj.</p><br>
<h2>River development options</h2><br>
<p>One of the development projects planned in the past on the Manas River envisaged flood control in the Brahmaputra River and augmentation of flows in the Ganga river system by building a dam on the river at the Indo-Bhutan border. The stored water stored behind the reservoir was proposed to be transferred through a long canal system through the foot hills of the Himalayas (skirting Bangladesh) crossing 25 major and minor rivers, out of which the major rivers the Sankosh, Raidak, Amo (Torsa), Kartoya, Teesta, Atrai and Mahananda through North Bengal, and finally out falling into the Kosi River in North Bihar. The project has not proceeded further due to several adverse public opinion and environmental concerns.</p><br>
<p>The proposal mooted in the 1970s to build a dam on the river for multipurpose uses of power, irrigation and flood control in Assam involved a 100 km long canal from the Manas reservoir to another reservoir on the Sankosh River. As the canal was passing through the Manas Tiger Reserve, the Ministry of Environment and Forests of Government of India objected to the proposal on the grounds of adverse impact that would occur due to the dam on the Hydrology and ecology of the area. This view was also supported by the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO. The late Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi upheld the objections and decided to discontinue with the project. It is unlikely to be revived.</p><br>
<p>The proposal had been mooted as a joint project of India and Bhutan. The pre-feasibility report prepared for this Manas multipurpose project envisaged power generation of 2800 MW. Another cooperation project on the Mandgde Chu, in central Bhutan, tributary of Manas, envisages power generation of 360/600 MW for which Detailed Project Report (DPR) is under preparation.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental threats</h2><br>
<p>The Manas River has often been the centre of environmental controversies, particularly in the 1980s. Two dams were proposed on the Bhutanese side of the river to provide hydroelectric power and to control the flow of the Brahmaputra on its northern bank and make way for irrigation schemes. However, there were not only local concerns but national and international ones among environmentalists with regard to the proposals who lobbied enough support to ensure that the dam proposals were dropped in 1986. In February 1989, the All Bodo Students Union (ABSU) invaded the park and killed several wardens and guards, permitting the entry of poachers and loggers who posed an immediate threat to the wildlife of the park and its river. The threat of flooding remained as ever in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Palmer House  is the historic residence of Oregon pioneer Joel Palmer , who co-founded Dayton, Oregon, United States.</p><br>
<p>The house, located at 600 Ferry Street in Dayton, is one of Oregon&#39;s finest historic homes. It has been on the National Register of Historic Places since March 16, 1987,</p><br>
<p>and is on the Oregon Historic Register. It was the first of 48 Dayton properties to be listed and is the town&#39;s oldest standing structure.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Shortly after arriving in the Oregon Country in 1845, Palmer filed a donation land claim for himself in the Corvallis area, and one for his brother-in-law in the Dayton area. Palmer returned to Indiana for his family and came to Oregon again in 1847, to find that his land claim had been jumped. His brother-in-law decided not to return to Oregon, so Palmer settled that claim instead, located about six miles (10 km) south of Dayton.</p><br>
<p>Palmer was called away around December 15, 1847, to be Commissary General of the Military Forces of Oregon Territory to handle the Cayuse War at the Whitman Mission, and afterward left for the California Gold Rush. During his absence, his daughter Sarah married Andrew Smith and settled on Smith&#39;s land claim at the mouth of the Yam Hill River.</p><br>
<p>When Palmer returned in February 1850, he purchased part of Smiths land and merged it with his brother-in-laws, Palmers sons and daughter-in-law&#39;s to form a 465 acre tract which he platted to be Dayton.</p><br>
<p>The first building and Palmers home was a hotel in the center of the newly-platted area. He kept it for a few years, but then built Palmer House near the towns outskirts in 1852 or 1857. The house has survived several floods and at least one major fire.</p><br>
<p>The house is located near the mouth of the Yamhill River at the Willamette River, and near Palmer Creek (previously known as Smith Creek), which was of early interest for powering machinery. Palmer operated a sawmill, a hotel and several other enterprises.</p><br>
<p>Since 1996, the house has functioned as an upscale restaurant featuring creative local cuisine.</p><br>
<p>Lake Joondalup is a medium-sized freshwater lake in Perth, Western Australia. It is in the Perth northern suburbs of Joondalup, Wanneroo, and Edgewater. It is a nature reserve and part of the Yellagonga Regional Park.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Lake Joondalup is Perth&#39;s largest metropolitan freshwater lake located in the Yellagonga Regional Park. It has several islands, and a large sandbank during the dry summer months. The largest island is colloquially named "Snake Island" by locals for good reason as the wetland habitat supports a healthy population of various snakes, including dugites and tiger snakes. The lake and bush reserve is a dynamic habitat supporting a lot of wildlife including turtles, ducks and many other birds. Most of the banks are either swampland or reeds.</p><br>
<p>Significant natural attractions include Neil Hawkins Park, Joondalup and Picnic Cove, and Edgewater. Neil Hawkins Park was named after a chairman of the former Metropolitan Region Planning Authority, and is a popular family park for tourists as well as locals. There is a small jetty over the lake and visitors can feed birds (although this practise is now discouraged), and have a barbecue. Limestone caves are located on its western shore just north of Neil Hawkins Park. Edgewater is also the highest point to look out over the lake, it was formerly the site of limestone quarry and many parks in the suburb have sheer cliff and exposed limestone karst features exposed during its time as a quarry.</p><br>
<p>The areas around Lake Joondalup are home to many birds, including waterbirds on the lake. The reserve lies within the Northern Swan Coastal Plain Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because of its importance in supporting several thousand Short-billed Black Cockatoos during the non-breeding season. It is also home to many types of frog.</p><br>
<p>Stepping Stones is the historic home of Alcoholics Anonymous co-founder Bill Wilson  and his wife, co-founder of Al-Anon/Alateen Lois Wilson , in Bedford Hills, New York. The historic site features their house , Bill W.s writing studio nicknamed "Wits End", approximately 15,000 objects  left by the Wilsons, a water pump house, the original one-car garage, a two-car garage / Welcome Center with an orientation display highlighting some of the 100,000 items in the Stepping Stones Archives, flower garden, community vegetable garden, and more. Lois left the property to The Stepping Stones Foundation - the nonprofit, tax-exempt organization that she founded in 1979. Since Mrs. Wilson&#39;s death in 1988 the Stepping Stones Foundation has maintained and preserved the site with the help of friends, and has offered on-site tours by reservation and off-site educational programs.</p><br>
<p>The house at 62 Oak Road, Katonah, New York is on the state and National Register of Historic Places listings in Westchester County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The New York Times quoted a former executive director of the site:</p><br>
<p>In 2012 it was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Wilsons bought the house on 1.7 acres in 1941 more than five years after Bill W. took his last drink in December 1934. Lois Wilson later co-founded Al-Anon there.</p><br>
<p>The desk on which Bill wrote much of the book Alcoholics Anonymous ("The Big Book", the principal text of A.A.) resides at "Wit&#39;s End," the office retreat he built out of cinder block with a friend on the property. Bill, after moving to Stepping Stones, wrote correspondence, Grapevine magazine articles, speeches, and three more books at the desk: The 12 Steps and 12 Traditions, As Bill Sees It, and AA Comes of Age.</p><br>
<p>The kitchen table Bill mentions in several of his accounts of his meeting with Ebby Thacher at Bill&#39;s former home in 182 Clinton Street, Brooklyn is also on view. The memorabilia display created in the mid-1900s by Lois herself includes a letter from Carl Jung to Bill Wilson, and a photograph of President Richard Nixon, receiving the millionth copy of the Big Book.</p><br>
<p>Bill died in 1971 and Lois died in 1988. The Wilsons did not have children. Their property was turned over to the Stepping Stones Foundation which maintains it and conducts the tours and presentations. In 2007, New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, added Stepping Stones to its new Women’s Heritage Trail, in recognition to Lois. Every June (on the first Saturday), as per a tradition started by the Wilsons in 1952, hundreds of A.A. and Al-Anon members arrive for the Annual Stepping Stones Lois Family Groups Picnic, which is still a free event but requires tickets.</p><br>
<p>Beausoleil Island is an 8 km long island in Lake Huron&#39;s Georgian Bay, near Port Severn, Ontario. It is the largest island in Georgian Bay Islands National Park, and offers island tent and cabin camping, overnight and day docking, heritage education programs, and hiking trails. Wheelchair accessible sites and reserved campsites are also available at the Cedar Spring campground.</p><br>
<p>Beausoleil Island is one of the last refuges for the seldom-seen Eastern Massasauga rattlesnake, the only snake in Ontario whose venom is potentially dangerous to humans. On sunny days, Georgian Bays cobalt waters form a striking counterpart to the light blue of the sky, the pinkish rocks of the Canadian Shield, and the dark green of the parks famous windswept pines. The Fairy Lake and Cambrian Trails, in the north of the island, offer especially striking views of these natural features.</p><br>
<p>Northern Beausoleil Islands characteristic bedrock and wetland environment is rich in many species and is a major breeding area for amphibians, turtles and snakes. Southern Beausoleil Islands hardwood and mixed forests are good representations of regional woodland communities.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Artifacts from as far back as the Middle Archaic period, 7,000 years ago, have been found, such as an Otter Creek projectile made from Onondaga chert. The remains of ancient pottery, tools, and hunting implements that have been found on Beausoleil have enabled archaeologists to determine that the island was, in all probability, used as a summer camp by early hunting and gathering cultures. These include primarily a Middle Woodland site occupied by the Point Peninsula and Saugeen groups (2,400-1,300 years ago), and the Algonkian speaking Odawa (or Ottawa) of the Late Woodland Period (600–400 years ago). Several other cultures have also left evidence of their occupation on the island.</p><br>
<p>Descendants of the Chippewas of Lake Huron and Lake Simcoe settled on Beausoleil Island in 1842. The soil on the island proved to be unsuitable for cultivation, so the band moved to the Christian Islands which had been set aside as a reserve in the 1850s. On June 5, 1856 Beausoleil and all of the other islands in Georgian Bay, except the Christian Islands, were surrendered or sold to the British Crown. The Chippewa residents of Christian Islands still identify themselves as the Beausoleil First Nation.</p><br>
<p>Beausoleil Island also played a significant role in the birth of residential camping in Ontario. Once the home of several summer camps for youth, two YMCA Camps still call the island home: YMCA Camp Kitchikewana (YMCA of Simcoe/Muskoka) and YMCA Camp Queen Elizabeth (YMCA of Western Ontario). Former staffers at these two camps went on to become great leaders in the Canadian camping movement: Win Smith, Jack Pearse, Ron and Mickey Johnstone among them.</p><br>
<p>The island was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 2011.</p><br>
<p>Shitalakshya River   is a distributary of the Brahmaputra. In its initial stages it flows in a southwest direction and then east of the city of Narayanganj in central Bangladesh until it merges with the Dhaleswari near Kalagachhiya. A portion of its upper course is known as Banar River. The river is about 110 km long and at it widest, near Narayanganj, it is 300 m across. Its flow, measured at Demra, has reached 2,600 cuft/s. The river flows through Gazipur district forming its border with Narsingdi for some distance and then through Narayanganj District.</p><br>
<p>The river&#39;s maximum depth is 70 ft and average depth is 33 ft.</p><br>
<h2>Change in course of rivers</h2><br>
<p>The Shitalakhya is a branch of the Brahmaputra which has changed its course at least twice in the Bangladesh region in the fairly recent past, indirectly affecting the flow of water in the Shitalakhya. In the 21st century, the main flow of the Brahmaputra waters is through the Jamuna channel. Earlier, after tracing a curve round the Garo Hills on the west, it took a sharp turn in the south-east direction near Dewanganj, and then passing by Jamalpur and Mymensingh, threw off the Shitalakhya branch and flowed through the eastern part of Dhaka district and fell into the Dhaleshwari. The Shitalakhya ran almost parallel to the Brahmaputra and after passing by Narayanganj joined the Dhaleswari. The course of the Brahmaputra through Dhaka district was deserted by the 18th century when it flowed further east and joined the Meghna near Bhairab. Towards the end of the 18th century the Jamuna channel increased its importance and around 1850 it became the main channel of the Brahmaputra.</p><br>
<p>In Van den Brouck&#39;s map the river is marked as Lecki, flowing west of Barrempooter (Brahmaputra). In Van den Brouck’s time (1660), it was large and swift flowing river. It was so till the early 19th century. There, however, are some reservations about the accuracy of Van den Brouck’s map.</p><br>
<h2>Historical importance</h2><br>
<p>Sonargaon, a former capital of the region, stood on the banks of the Shitalakhhya. A fort was built by Isa Khan, a former ruler of the area, on its banks. It is believed that it was connected with Lalbagh Fort in Dhaka through an underground tunnel. Sonakanda Fort, also on the river, was built to counter Magh and Portuguese pirates. There are several historical mosques on its banks – Bandarshahi mosque (built in 1481 by Baba Saleh), Kadam Rasul mosque (containing the footprints of Hazrat Mohammad), Mariamer masjid (built by Shaista Khan) etc.</p><br>
<h2>Economic importance</h2><br>
<p>The Shitalakshya River was once an important center for the muslin industry. Even today, there are centres of artistic weaving on its banks. There also are a number of industrial units on its banks, including the Adamjee Jute Mills. Thermal power houses are located along the river at Palash (north of Ghorashal) and at Siddhirganj. Industrial affluent dumped into the river resulting in high levels of pollution is a cause for concern.</p><br>
<p>There is a river port in Narayanganj. Numerous launches move out along the river to different parts of Bangladesh. The government has approved construction of a container terminal on the river Shitalakhya with foreign investment.</p><br>
<p>Zatouna  is a mountain village and a community in the municipal unit of Dimitsana, western Arcadia, Peloponnese, Greece. It is situated on a mountain slope at about 1000 m elevation, west of the river Lousios. In 2011 Zatouna had a population of 45 for the village and 71 for the community, which includes the nearby villages Markos and Vlongos. Zatouna is 2 km southwest of Dimitsana and 23 km northwest of Megalopoli. It is considered a traditional settlement.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name Zatouna is of Arabic origin from Zaituna, and means olive. It origins are from the Ottoman Empire when there were cultivation of olive trees in the area.</p><br>
<h2>People</h2><br>
<p>Zatouna is the birthplace of Staikos Staikopoulos, who laid siege to the castle of Palamidi in 1821 while it was under Turkish control. The Greek composer Mikis Theodorakis was banished to the village in 1968 by the military junta.</p><br>
<p>Famous Greek actor Mimis Fotopoulos (1913–1986) was born in Zatouna.</p><br>
<p>The Briggs Hardware Building is a four story historic building in downtown Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina. It was built in 1874 by Thomas Briggs to house his family-owned hardware store. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Currently the building is home to the City of Raleigh Museum, and is owned by a joint group of non-profit organizations.</p><br>
<h2>Briggs Hardware</h2><br>
<p>In the 1850s Thomas H. Briggs opened his hardware store on Fayetteville Street with partner James Dodd. The partnership with Dodd ended in 1868 and the store became Thomas H. Briggs & Sons. Business was good and in 1874 Briggs was able to construct a new building for the family business. The new building stood at four stories and was called Raleigh&#39;s first "skyscraper". It would remain the tallest building in Raleigh for the next 33 years.</p><br>
<p>Briggs Hardware would continue to serve the city from this location until 1995 when the store finally moved to a new location outside of downtown. The hardware store is still owned and operated by the family to this day.</p><br>
<h2>The legend</h2><br>
<p>Soon after the building was completed, a legend circulated about how Thomas Briggs was able to afford to build such a large and elaborate building following the Civil War. The legend claimed that sometime prior to the Union occupation of Raleigh in 1865, Briggs converted all of his Confederate money into gold and silver coins. He then took the coins, stuffed them into pipes, found a distinctive grove of trees, and buried the money to prevent Union soldiers from stealing the money. When the soldiers arrived in Raleigh they set up camp near the grove of trees and cut them down. After the troops left, Briggs allegedly spent the next few years searching for his money. When he finally found the coins, he used the money to build his new hardware store.</p><br>
<h2>Additional uses</h2><br>
<p>While the lower floors were used for hardware sales, the building’s upper levels saw a variety of uses over the years. In the 1890s, the Oak City Guard rented space for drill practice. Later, the city’s first YMCA was housed here, as well as a Lutheran church congregation, the Raleigh Little Theater and offices of a number of attorneys and insurance companies.</p><br>
<h2>Building description</h2><br>
<p>Thanks to the Briggs family and preservation efforts the building looks today much as it did when it was first built.</p><br>
<p>The front facade of the building displays an example of the lively architectural taste of the mid-to-late 19th century. The contrast of red brick with light accents was a favorite of the high Victorian Gothic style. The hoods and drip molds over the windows are medieval in style, while the tall, bracketed cornice shows the influence of the Italianate style.</p><br>
<p>The building is four stories tall with a basement running below wooden floors. The original wood floors remain in the building.</p><br>
<p>The building runs the entire length of one city block (between Fayetteville & Salisbury Streets) and is surrounded on either side by two similarly long buildings. The result is a long narrow interior with no side windows. In the center of the building is an opening going up to windows on the roof-top that serves as a skylight for all four above-ground floors. The absence of windows along the side of the building made this skylight opening a necessity in 1874 when there was no electricity.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Bhola Island  is the largest island of Bangladesh with an area of 1441 km². It is most of the land area of Bhola District in Barisal Division.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It is situated at the mouth of the Meghna River. There are ferry and launch services from Dhaka and Barisal.</p><br>
<p>The Island is 130 km long and has a population of 1.7 million. A 1776 map indicates that it was ova-shapedl yet it is currently more elongated because of erosion by the Meghna River. It is only 6 feet above ocean level at the most elevated point.</p><br>
<h2>Cuisine</h2><br>
<p>Bhola Island is known for its Buffalo curd (doi) which is unique in Bangladesh. The process that has been used has remained unchanged. It is made in traditional clay pots and the process takes 18 hours. It is popular in the Island and is served in special occasions such as weddings, festivals and other special occasions.</p><br>
<h2>Power</h2><br>
<p>The Island has faced chronic power issues, although natural gas was discovered in Shahbazpur in 1994. The government decided to build a Power Plant which is expected to fully operational by August 2015. The state owned Power Grid Company of Bangladesh (PGCB) is installing a high voltage transmission line from Bhola Island to Borhanuddin Island.</p><br>
<h2>Media</h2><br>
<p>There are 14 community radio stations on air.</p><br>
<h2>Natural Disasters</h2><br>
<p>In 1970 it was affected by the devastating Bhola cyclone which completely devastated the southern half of the island and also destroyed the rice crop.</p><br>
<p>In 1995, half of the island flooded, leaving 500,000 people homeless.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, floods affected over half a million people on the island. Significant floods in the months and years before had caused severe erosion and led to a number of rivers overflowing. As of 2009 a number of the island&#39;s inhabitants were living in the slums of Dhaka.</p><br>
<p>The Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building at 33 Liberty Street, which occupies the full block between Liberty, William and Nassau Streets and Maiden Lane in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City, is the headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. It is where the monetary policy of the United States is executed by trading dollars and United States Treasury securities.</p><br>
<p>Federal Reserve Bank of New York</p><br>
<p>The building also hosts a vault containing the worlds largest depository of gold, stored on behalf of numerous government institutions from around the world. Total holdings in 2015 amounted to approximately 6,350 tons of gold. Relatively little of this gold belongs to the United States Government; as of August 2016, the buildings vault holds 13,400,000 ozt of gold bullion and $3 million (book value) in gold coins for the United States, a little more than 5% of the United States&#39; total gold reserve.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1965, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Building and architecture</h2><br>
<p>The visual impact of the neo-Renaissance structure derives from its monumental size, fortress-like appearance, fine proportions and the overall quality of construction. It set the precedent for many later banks which were greatly influenced by its design.</p><br>
<p>Built from 1919 through 1924, with an extension to the east built in 1935, all designed by York and Sawyer with decorative ironwork by Samuel Yellin of Philadelphia, this massive building occupies an entire city block, reaching fourteen stories tall with five additional floors underground. The building tapers to become very narrow at its east end, following the footprint of the block it stands on.</p><br>
<p>The stone exterior of the building is reminiscent of an early Italian Renaissance palace, such as the Strozzi Palace or the Palazzo Vecchio, a deliberate choice so as to inspire trust and confidence in the institution within. The horizontal and vertical joints of the facade&#39;s stones are deeply grooved or rusticated. Other features include lanterns and window grills constructed of wrought iron.</p><br>
<h2>Vault</h2><br>
<p>The vault rests on Manhattans bedrock, 80 ft below street level and 50 ft below sea level. The weight of the vault and the gold inside would exceed the weight limits of almost any other foundation. By 1927, the vault contained 10% of the worlds official gold reserves. Currently, it is reputedly the largest gold repository in the world and holds approximately 7,000 t of gold bullion ($415 billion as of October 2011), more than Fort Knox. Nearly 98% of the gold at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York is owned by the central banks of 36 foreign nations. The rest is owned by the United States and international organizations such as the IMF. The Federal Reserve Bank does not own the gold but serves as guardian of the precious metal, which it stores at no charge to the owners, but charging a $1.75 fee (in 2008) per bar to move the gold. There are elaborate procedures for the handling of the gold, with three different teams monitoring every transaction. Moving the bars requires special footwear for the staff, to protect their feet in case they drop one of the gold bars weighing 28 lb. The vault is open to tourists.</p><br>
<p>The Tarxien Temples are an archaeological complex in Tarxien, Malta. They date to approximately 3150 BC. The site was accepted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992 along with the other Megalithic temples on the island of Malta.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Of particular interest at the temple site is the rich and intricate stonework, which includes depictions of domestic animals carved in relief, altars, and screens decorated with spiral designs and other patterns. Demonstrative of the skill of the builders is a chamber set into the thickness of the wall between the South and Central temples and containing a relief showing a bull and a sow.</p><br>
<h3>Function in prehistory</h3><br>
<p>Excavation of the site reveals that it was used extensively for rituals, which probably involved animal sacrifice. Especially interesting is that Tarxien provides rare insight into how the megaliths were constructed: stone rollers were left outside the South temple. Additionally, evidence of cremation has been found at the center of the South temple, which is an indicator that the site was reused as a Bronze Age cremation cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and history</h2><br>
<p>The large stone blocks were discovered in 1914 by local farmers ploughing a field. The temples were included on the Antiquities List of 1925. Further excavations at the temples were conducted in the post-World War II period under the directorship of Dr. J.G. Baldacchino.</p><br>
<p>Protective tent-like shelters, similar to those at Ħaġar Qim and Mnajdra, were built around the Tarxien Temples in 2015, and were completed in December of that year.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The discovery of the complex did much to further Maltas national identity, solidly confirming the existence of a thriving ancient culture on the island. Also, the general interest aroused by the finds engendered for the first time a public concern for the protection of Maltas historical treasures, including a need for management of the sites, the promulgation of laws, and other measures to protect and preserve monuments. At the same time, Sir Themistocles&#39; thorough method in excavating the site paved the way for a new scientific approach to archaeology.</p><br>
<p>The Illinois Central Stone Arch Railroad Bridges are a trio of limestone railroad bridges in the city of Dixon, Illinois, United States. The bridges were constructed between 1852 and 1855 as the Illinois Central Railroad laid its first rail lines across the state of Illinois. They were designed by Robert F. Laing for Laing and Douglas Construction Company, a railroad company contractor during the 1850s. Though each limestone bridge is similar in design, they each have different clearances, ranging between 12 and 15 feet . The bridges remained in use by the railroad until 1985, and the three bridges were added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The three bridges were built between 1852 and 1855 from locally quarried limestone as the Illinois Central Railroad (ICRR) built the first railroad lines crossing the state. In the summer of 1851 the Illinois Central began laying its first section of track, from Mendota to Amboy. On March 6, 1852 the route the ICRR would take through Dixon was announced. Amboy&#39;s depot would eventually become the Northern Division Headquarters for the Illinois Central Railroad.</p><br>
<p>The section of railroad that came through Dixon was constructed from 1852-1855 partially on a 15 foot (4.6 m) embankment that would cradle the trio of bridges when the project was completed. The bridges were constructed of Galena faced limestone quarried just upstream the Rock River from Dixon at Dement&#39;s Quarry. The first train passed over the trio of bridges along West First, Second and Third Streets on February 1, 1855. The arrival of the train prompted the local media to quip of the train, "like a huge chariot of fire on a monstrous beast, it bellowed along -- high above the dwellings."</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The trio of bridges are all similar in design, but they do have differing clearances, which were based upon the topography of the area. The bridges were designed by Robert Finley Laing of Laing and Douglas Construction Company; the company contracted for the ICRR from 1852-1853. In addition to designing the three bridges over the city streets in Dixon, Laing also designed the stone piered bridge that the ICRR took over the Rock River on its way to Freeport. The three stone bridges are set into a 15 foot (4.6 m) high embankment which stretches from West Seventh Street to the Rock River, the span includes the three stone arch bridges.</p><br>
<p>The yellowed limestone was cut to fit and is held together using no bond. Instead there are stone "keys" cut and notched into the rock which prevents the stones from slipping. The stone is of a plain ashlar masonry type and either cut or dimension stone. The stone&#39;s facing varies depending upon its location within the structure of the bridges. The arch stones are finished with a chiseled face while the wingwall and arch bases are finished with a rock face. There have been almost no alterations of the original structures besides a limited attempt at tuckpointing between 1912 and 1915.</p><br>
<p>Each bridge is of a different height. The bridge spanning First Street has 14 feet (4.3 m) of clearance, the Second Street bridge, also the tallest, has 15 foot (4.6 m) clearance and the Third Street Bridge has a clearance of 12 feet (3.7 m). Because of its short height the Third Street Bridge is sometimes referred to as "Little Sister." All three bridges have the same arch span, 28 feet (8.5 m), but each has a differing depth. The longest of the three bridges is the Little Sister Bridge which has a 38 ft depth. The bridge at First has a 28 foot (8.5 m) depth and the bridge at Second Street a 34 foot (10.4 m) depth. The wingwalls on each bridge extends 33 feet (10.1 m) at their bases.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The three bridges are the only ones of their type still extant in Lee County, Illinois. They are also significant for their association with the Illinois Central Railroad and its beginnings. With the arrival of the Illinois Central Railroad to Dixon, business and industry followed allowing Dixon to grow and prosper. The increase in population in the Dixon area over many years was a direct result of the arrival of the ICRR. There was an attempt by the city government to tear down the arches but the local citizens protested and the bridges were saved. The three bridges were listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places, as part of the same listing, on December 2, 1987.</p><br>
<p>Nea Epidavros  also written Nea Epidaurus is a village in Argolis regional unit, Greece. It is located in the east of Argolis peninsula, 40 km east of Nafplio. Epidavros is mainly known for First National Assembly that took place in Nea Epidavros in late 1821 and early 1822. The village is part of Epidavros municipality. Its population is 896 inhabitants according to 2011 census.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The settlement is built in the interior part of a steep rock only few kilometres from the sea. This town is not visible from the sea, so the inhabitants were protected from Pirates in the old days. At the top of the rock is a medieval castle that dates back to the Byzantine period. The years before the Greek War of Independence, the village was named Piada. Between 20 December 1821 and 16 January 1822, the First National Assembly of the Greeks took place at Nea Epidavros (those days Piada). It was a national gathering of political representative of Greek revolutionaries. Today there is a monument in the central square of the village, dedicated to the first national assembly.</p><br>
<p>An interesting place to see in Nea Epidavros is the medieval castle. Inside the castle is the maintained church of Agios Ioannis Theologos built in 11th century. Near the village is the monastery of Agnountos. It dates from the Byzantine era and its style is fortress-like.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Pictures</h2><br>
<p>Nea Epidavros1.jpgThe Monument of the First Assembly</p><br>
<p>Nea Epidavros2.jpgDescription in the monument</p><br>
<p>Bishops House is a historic building in downtown, Portland, Oregon. It is in the citys Yamhill Historic District.</p><br>
<p>When the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese was moved to Portland from Oregon City, Archbishop William Hickley Gross constructed the Bishops House as his official residence. Originally, the building contained a church library, the Archbishops living quarters, and an insurance agent&#39;s office. Despite the presence of a cathedral next door, the immediate area was in decline, and Gross moved out only after a year.</p><br>
<p>For a time the Bishop&#39;s House hosted a Chinese Tong society, rumored to be the source of phone taps in the nearby former Police Bureau Headquarters Building. Between 1911 and 1915, an architectural workshop led by A. E. Doyle and Morris H. Whitehouse met in the building.</p><br>
<p>A major renovation took place in 1965, and Bishop&#39;s House was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. The building today houses offices, a Lebanese restaurant, and a startup named after it,.</p><br>
<p>Pszczyna Castle , is a classical-style palace in the city of Pszczyna  in south-western Poland. Constructed as a castle in 13th century or earlier, in a Gothic architectural style, it was rebuilt in a Renaissance style in the 17th century. During the course of the 18th and 19th centuries, the exterior of the castle was partially changed into a Baroque-Classical style. The Classicist modernization transformed the complex into what is usually described a palace.</p><br>
<p>In its history the castle was a residence of Silesian and Polish Piast nobles, then the Promnitz family members (mid-16th to mid-18th centuries) and later the von Pless family. The castle has been state-owned since 1936, after the death of the last Prince of Pless, Hans Heinrich XV. In 1946 it was turned into a museum operating until today.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 it was voted as one of the "Seven Architectural Wonders of the Silesian Voivodeship" by the Silesian authorities and is often described as one of the most beautiful castle residences in Poland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the early the Middle Ages, Pszczyna was a stronghold of the Piast dynasty and several dukes of Poland. The city belonged to the historical region of Lesser Poland until 1177, when it became part of the Duchy of Ratibor. From this time on, it also was part of the Bishopric of Kraków. In 1548, the palace was sold to the noble Promnitz family from Saxony and given a Renaissance appearance, which it lost after a fire. It was subsequently rebuilt in a more baroque style.</p><br>
<p>In 1705, Baroque composer Georg Philipp Telemann became Kapellmeister to Erdmann II of Promnitz, privy Councillor to Augustus II the Strong, elector of Saxony and king of Poland, and spent considerable time at the Pszczyna Palace when the latter&#39;s court summered there. This gave Telemann an opportunity to study Polish and Moravian folk music, which fascinated and inspired him.</p><br>
<p>In 1742 Pless became part of Brandenburg-Prussia. In 1848 the Duchy of Pless became a Principality, ruled by the Hochberg-Fuerstenstein family until 1939. Between 1870 and 1876, reconstruction of the palace was directed by the French architect Gabriel-Hippolyte Destailleur.</p><br>
<p>During the First World War, the palace, then in the German-controlled Silesia, at times hosted William II, German Emperor, and there are pictures on display of him together with Generals such as Erich Ludendorff and Paul von Hindenburg discussing military operations. After the war and a plebiscite in 1921, the town became part of Poland. Following the invasion of Poland in September 1939, the complex was occupied by the Wehrmacht.</p><br>
<p>After the Second World War, Upper Silesia became part of the Polish People&#39;s Republic. For a brief period there was a Soviet military hospital in the palace, but in May 1946 it was turned into a museum, which still operates today.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The Royal Apartments, also referred to as the Apartamenty Cesarskie, are the rooms in which the rulers of the principality and the German Kaiser resided. They have been fully recreated with an all of the original furnishings intact.</p><br>
<p>When ascending the Grand Staircase, designed by Alexandre Destailleur, the apartments of Princess Mary Theresa Olivia Cornwallis-West von Pless are reached. The princess, called Daisy, lived there from 1891, when she married Prince Hans Heinrich XV and left her native England, until her death in 1943. The rooms are decorated with pictures of the princess and hunting trophies of her husband and the German Emperor.</p><br>
<p>The highlight of the palace is its eclectic Chamber of Mirrors. An art nouveau dining hall and the smaller rooms are another place of interest.</p><br>
<p>Spåtind is a mountain in the middle between Lillehammer and Fagernes. The summit lies on the border between the municipalities Nordre Land and Etnedal, both in the county of Oppland. Spåtind is the highest mountain in the mountain area Synnfjell.</p><br>
<p>There are numerous cabins situated around the mountain, the largest cluster being Hugulia on the southern side. On the western side there is a facility for alpine skiing and a hotel.</p><br>
<h2>The name</h2><br>
<p>The first element is the verb spå (predict; see into the future), but here in the old sense to scout (related to German spähen, Latin specio and English spy). The last element is tind mountain peak&#39;. The peak is visible from long distances over a large region.</p><br>
<p>See also Hårteigen.</p><br>
<p>El Rancho Hotel, Gallup, New Mexico, is an historic hotel built by the brother of film director D.W. Griffith. It is located on old USA Route 66 and became the temporary home for many Hollywood movie stars.</p><br>
<p>It is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It opened in 1937 as a base for movie productions. Employees were trained by the Fred Harvey Company.</p><br>
<p>With the opening of Interstate 40, the property fell into decline.</p><br>
<p>Armand Ortega bought and restored the property.</p><br>
<h2>Famous guests</h2><br>
<p>Ronald Reagan</p><br>
<p>Jane Wyman</p><br>
<p>Spencer Tracy</p><br>
<p>Kirk Douglas</p><br>
<p>Katharine Hepburn</p><br>
<p>Jackie Cooper</p><br>
<p>John Wayne</p><br>
<h2>Headquarters for films</h2><br>
<p>The Bad Man 1940</p><br>
<p>Sundown 1941</p><br>
<p>The Desert Song 1942</p><br>
<p>Song of the Nile 1944</p><br>
<p>Four Faces West & Colorado Territory 1947-1948</p><br>
<p>Streets of Laredo 1948</p><br>
<p>Rocky Mountain 1950</p><br>
<p>The Big Carnival 1950 (AKA Ace in the Hole)</p><br>
<p>New Mexico 1950</p><br>
<p>Fort Defiance 1950</p><br>
<p>Raton Pass 1951</p><br>
<p>Fort Massacre 1957</p><br>
<p>A Distant Trumpet 1963</p><br>
<p>The Hallelujah Trail 1964</p><br>
<p>The Port de Balès   is a mountain pass in the central Pyrenees in the department of Hautes-Pyrénées in France. It connects the village of Ferrère  to that of Bourg-d&#39;Oueil, Haute-Garonne .</p><br>
<p>The Port de Balès was first featured in the 2007 Tour de France and has since appeared in the tour every two/three years. It is generally closed by snow for long periods during the winter but remains popular with bikers during the summer.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Port de Balès was for a long time ignored by the modern world. Located between the Barousse valley to the north and the Oueil valley above Bagnères-de-Luchon, it was served only by one narrow track from the north until the beginning of the 1980s. Then several forest tracks were opened above Ferrère to serve the mountain pastures. A few years later, another track was built from Bourg d&#39;Oueil. This track was continued to the Col de Pierrefite giving access to the Bareilles and Louron valleys.</p><br>
<p>These tracks were only suitable for agricultural and forestry vehicles, or cars equipped with 4-wheel drive, but the main route over the col was given a treatment of tarmac in the 1980s. By the end of the 1990s this had deteriorated severely, and remained virtually impassable until resurfaced during the summer of 2006. This was partly done at the instigation of the Tour de France organisers, who were looking for new challenges with which to confront the tour riders.</p><br>
<h2>Cycling racing</h2><br>
<p>The Tour de France crossed the col for the first time in 2007 on stage 15. This stage was selected for the 2007 L&#39;Étape du Tour, in which amateur and club riders ride over a full stage of the tour. During the 2010 Tour de France it was the scene of arguably one of the defining moments of the race, when Contador (Astana) attacked then race leader Andy Schleck on the climb when the latter had a mechanical problem with his chain. Contador continued his attack, took over the yellow jersey and won 39 seconds, ironically the exact amount of advantage he had in Paris when he won the Tour.</p><br>
<h3>Details of climb</h3><br>
<p>Starting from Mauléon-Barousse, the climb is 18.9 km long. Over this distance, the climb is 1,185 m at an average gradient of 6.3%, with the steepest sections at over 11%.</p><br>
<p>Starting from Bagnères-de-Luchon, the climb is 19.7 km long. Over this distance, the climb is 1,125 m at an average gradient of 5.7%, but with several sections over 11%. At its southern end, the climb starts on the foot of the climb to the Col de Peyresourde which has been used many times in the Tour de France.</p><br>
<h3>Appearances in Tour de France</h3><br>
<h3>Vuelta a España</h3><br>
<p>The Vuelta a España crossed the col in 2013.</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s Roman Catholic Church, at 22 Barclay Street at the corner of Church Street in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City, was built in 1836-40 and was designed by John R. Haggerty and Thomas Thomas in the Greek Revival style, with six Ionic columns. The parish, part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York, is the oldest Roman Catholic parish in New York State, and the building replaced an earlier one built in 1785-86. The original church was used for worship until 1834 when it was replaced by the present structure.</p><br>
<p>The church was designated a New York City landmark in 1965 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The present church has been declared a landmark by federal, state and city agencies.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>A gift of 1,000 silver pieces from King Charles III of Spain topped off donations to start the construction of the church. Catholics constructing the original church initially tried to locate it on Broad Street, then in the heart of New York City. Due to anti-Catholic sentiments, however, New York City officials implored them to change the location to a site at Barclay and Church Streets, then outside the city limits. The builders relented and accepted the present location. The cornerstone of the original church was laid in 1785 and the first Mass celebrated in 1786.</p><br>
<p>Mexican artist Jose Vallejo painted an icon of the Crucifixion and Nunez de Haro, archbishop of Mexico City, gave it to St. Peter parish in 1789; it hung above the main altar. Father William OBrien, the first pastor, is remembered for his tireless service to the citizens of New York during the yellow fever epidemics of 1795 and 1798. In 1800 the first free Catholic school in New York State was established at St. Peters. On March 14, 1805 at St. Peter&#39;s Church, Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton converted from the Episcopal Church to Catholicism. Thereafter, she often prayed before the painting of the Crucifixion above the main altar. The Catholic Church later canonized her, the first native-born United States citizen so honored.</p><br>
<p>On December 24, 1806, parishioners celebrated the Christmas Eve vigil inside the church building. This Catholic celebration still infuriated some Protestants who viewed it as an exercise in "popish superstition". Protesters tried to disrupt the Mass, and the ensuing melee injured dozens, with one policeman killed.</p><br>
<p>In October 1836, the cornerstone for a larger St. Peters Church was laid, and by 1840 the current structure was built. In addition to Roman Catholic services, From 1899 to 1916 St. Peters also hosted services in the lower churchfor Byzantine-rite Syrian and Lebanese Catholics, who during that period did not have their own church. St. Peter’s Church is the very first place Fr. Edward Frederick Sorin, founder of the University of Notre Dame, celebrated Mass upon his arrival in America in 1842.</p><br>
<h3>September 11</h3><br>
<p>On September 10, 2001, Father Mychal Judge OFM, chaplain for the New York City Fire Department, gave the following sermon at a Mass for New York City firefighters at Engine 73 Ladder 42, Bronx, NY:</p><br>
<p>You do what God has called you to do. You get on that rig, you go out and do the job. No matter how big the call, no matter how small, you have no idea of what God is calling you to do, but God needs you. He needs me. He needs all of us. God needs us to keep supporting each other, to be kind to each other, to love each other... We love this job, we all do. What a blessing it is! It is a difficult, difficult job, but God calls you to do it, and indeed, He gives you a love for it so that a difficult job will be well done. Isnt God wonderful?! Isnt He good to you, to each one of you, and to me? Turn to God each day--put your faith, your trust, your hope and your life in His hands. Hell take care of you, and youll have a good life. And this firehouse will be a great blessing to his neighborhood and to this city. Amen.</p><br>
<p>The next day, a portion of the landing gear of an airplane struck and damaged the roof of the St. Peters Church building during the September 11 attacks. When debris from the towers killed Fr. Mychal (the first publicly identified casualty of the attacks), surviving firemen brought him from the towers site to St. Peters and laid his body before the altar. The parish also served as a staging ground for rescue and recovery operations. "We were the first place they were bringing all the emergency equipment. Everything was in disarray," pastor Father Kevin Madigan stated. "Stuff was piled six feet high all over the pews—-bandages, gas masks, boots, hoses and cans of food for the workers and the volunteers, many of whom were sleeping in the church on bedrolls." The same also occurred in the downstairs church.</p><br>
<p>Authorities also blocked public access to the parish. The church celebrated Masses occasionally only for the rescue workers and those with credentials to enter. On October 28, 2001, authorities lifted martial law in the area. "That was when we officially celebrated our first Mass after September 11," says Father Madigan. The parish quickly cut the number of Masses from that before the attacks "because the number of people coming was way down. Many who had been coming to mass at St. Peters or St. Josephs from the World Trade Center, of course, were not around anymore."</p><br>
<p>The World Trade Center cross temporarily sat on the Church Street side of St. Peter&#39;s until it was moved to the World Trade Center Memorial. A new custom cross was commissioned to stand in place, installed on August 11, 2011.</p><br>
<h3>Current status</h3><br>
<p>In August 2015 the St. Peters parish merged with Our Lady of the Rosary on South Street. St. Peters is the designated parish church, although Mass and the Sacraments will continue to be celebrated at Our Lady of the Rosary.</p><br>
<h2>Notable parishioners</h2><br>
<p>Pierre Toussaint, a black Haitian born into slavery, arrived in New York in 1787 and joined the parish. He was known for his great generosity to the poor and piety, and died in 1853.</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Ann Seton converted to Catholicism at St. Peter&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>Billy The Kid was born on September 17, 1859 in New York City, and later christened "Henry McCarty" at the Church of St. Peter on September 28, 1859. His parents, Patrick McCarty and Catherine Devine were married on June 19, 1851 at the Church of St. Peter.</p><br>
<p>Schuyler Mansion is a historic house at 32 Catherine Street in Albany, New York, United States. The brick mansion is now a museum and an official National Historic Landmark. It was constructed from 1761 to 1765 for Philip Schuyler, later a general in the Continental Army and early USA Senator, who resided there from 1763 until his death in 1804. It was declared a National Historic Landmark on December 24, 1967. It is also a contributing property to the South End–Groesbeckville Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Revolutionary War General Philip Schuyler began construction on his Georgian-style estate near Albany, New York in 1761. Prior to that time, due to the outbreak of the French and Indian War, it was considered inadvisable to build outside of the City of Albany. Therefore, the construction of the familys mansion occurred from 1761–65, during the tail end of that war. The mansion was built on 80 acre of land, located approximately 1/2 mi from the city. At the time that the Schuylers moved into their new home, Philip and his wife, Catherine Van Rensselaer Schuyler, already had three daughters: Angelica, Elizabeth, and Margarita. During Philip and Catherines lifetime, Catherine gave birth to fifteen children. However, only eight survived infancy. The seven that did not survive included one set of twins and one set of triplets. Of the eight surviving children, the Schuylers had their three aforementioned daughters, born in 1756, 1757, and 1758, respectively. After the family had settled into the mansion, Catherine gave birth to three boys; John Bradstreet (1765) Philip Jeremiah (1768) and Rensselaer (1773) and then two more girls; Cornelia (1775) and Catherine (1781).</p><br>
<p>During the Schuyler familys occupancy of the mansion, the house served as a center of military, business, and family affairs, including the wedding of Philip and Catherines second daughter, Elizabeth, to famed Federalist, Alexander Hamilton. The latter portion of the American Revolution saw Philip Schuyler in the position of an intelligence officer for the American side, operating a network of spies right out of his home. These activities led to the infiltration of the mansion and failed attempt to kidnap Schuyler on the evening of August 7, 1781. Additionally, the Schuyler family was well known for their hospitality, and the mansion hosted guests such as George and Martha Washington, Benjamin Franklin, the Marquis de Chastellux, James Madison, and the British General during the Battle of Saratoga, John Burgoyne, who stayed at the mansion as a "prisoner guest" in 1777.</p><br>
<h3>Post Schuyler</h3><br>
<p>After Philip Schuylers death in 1804, the land comprised over one hundred building lots which were divided among his six children who were still living. The house itself, however, was wanted by none of Schuylers offspring, as they had already established themselves elsewhere with spouses and children of their own. Therefore, in 1815, Schuylers mansion was sold to a furrier named John Bryan. During Bryans approximately twenty-nine year inhabitance of the mansion, he made a number of changes to the house, including the addition of a vestibule, constructed by local architect, Philip Hooker, which still exists today. In 1844, the mansion was purchased by Ezekiel C. McIntosh, the president of the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad Company. After McIntoshs death in 1855, his widow, Caroline Carmicheal remarried to former USA President Millard Fillmore. Their wedding took place in the same parlor as the wedding of Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler. The newlywed couple left the mansion to live at Fillmores estate in Buffalo, New York, but leased it to a man named John Tracey and his family. The Traceys were responsible for the removal of any remaining outbuildings that had existed on the property during Philip Schuylers time. In 1882, following the death of Caroline Fillmore, the Tracey&#39;s vacated the mansion.</p><br>
<p>The next owner of the mansion was Lansing Pendleton Jr., a watchman at the local jail. His tenancy was short-lived and, in 1886, he sold the house to the Roman Catholic Diocese as Albany for $7,000. The mansion was repurposed as an orphanage for infants through children seven years of age that was operated by the Sisters of Charity and called St. Francis de Sales Infant Asylum. Under the ownership of the orphanage, the mansions main parlor was converted into a chapel, and many of the fireplaces were bricked up. The orphanage soon ran out of space in the mansion, even after constructing a second building (which was demolished shortly after the orphanage vacated the site). It was clear that St. Vincents either had to demolish the mansion, or sell it and use the money to buy and build on another site. The sisters in charge of the asylum were enthusiastic about the notion of preservation, so refused to sell the mansion to anyone besides the state or a "patriotic society".</p><br>
<h3>Acquisition by New York State</h3><br>
<p>On March 22, 1911, the mansion was sold to New York State, who planned to turn it into a historic site that would be open to the public. The museums first board of directors consisted of Philip Schuylers great-granddaughter, Georgina Schuyler, as well as the son of John Tracey, who had lived in the house in the nineteenth century. The orphanage built their new site over the next few years, and vacated the mansion on January 30, 1914. After over three years of restoration, Schuyler Mansion was opened to the public as a State Historic Site on October 17, 1917, the 140th anniversary of the Battle of Saratoga.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>Schuyler Mansion is a large (67.5 ft wide by 47.5 ft deep) two-and-one-half-story Georgian house, built between 1761 and 1765. It occupies a sloping site in southern Albany, facing east toward the Hudson River. The walls are brick, laid in English bond with tooled joints, over a stone foundation. The building is covered by a double-pitched hip roof. A wooden balustrade with Chinese fret panels and posts topped by urns surrounds the roof directly above the cornice. This balustrade was not part of the original structure, but was installed in the early years of the 19th century. Two brick interior chimneys rise above the roof.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the mansion was supervised by master carpenter John Gaborial of Boston, Massachusetts. At the time of the house&#39;s construction, two detached wings were erected to the rear of the house. The building on the southwest corner was used as an office and the one on the northwest corner served as the kitchen. These wings were removed during the 19th century, and the space that they once occupied is now landscaped as a garden. The house is built on the center-hall plan typical of Georgian homes. Both the first and second floors have two rooms, each about 18 by, on either side of the wide corridors. The entrance hall, 48 ft long by 20 ft wide and 12 ft high, is divided towards the rear by a pilaster-supported doorway.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the mansion is considerably decorous. The deep brick walls permit the use on every window, of inside or wainscot shutters which fold against the jambs. The walls of the central hall were plastered and then hung with a set of scenic wallpaper imported from France. The center hall stairway is decorated with spiral balusters of three different profiles on each step.</p><br>
<p>The Wairoa River runs south for 65 kilometres from the inland east coast region of New Zealand&#39;s North Island, west of Gisborne, before flowing into northern Hawke Bay at the town of Wairoa.</p><br>
<p>The full Māori name of the river is: Te Wairoa Hōpūpū Hōnengenenge Mātangi Rau, which means the long, bubbling, swirling, uneven waters.</p><br>
<p>, retrieved 2010-03-13</p><br>
<p>It has a catchment area of 1,415 square miles which includes Lake Waikaremoana.</p><br>
<p>The major tributaries are:</p><br>
<p>the Hangaroa River</p><br>
<p>the Ruakituri River</p><br>
<p>the Mangapoike River</p><br>
<p>the Mangaaruhe River</p><br>
<p>the Waiau River</p><br>
<p>the Waikaretaheke River</p><br>
<p>The Hangaroa River and the Ruakituri River merge at Te Reinga Falls, near Te Reinga. This is where the Wairoa River begins.</p><br>
<p>Lake Waikaremoana is formed in the rockfall-dammed headwaters of the Waikaretaheke River. It has a confluence with the Waiau River 14 miles from the coast.</p><br>
<p>In 1948 a big flood of the Wairoa River submerged the traffic bridge in Wairoa and flooded parts of the town to a depth of 3 ft. This flood flow is one of the largest recorded for any river in New Zealand.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, the Wairoa Township River Walkway project commenced. The Walkway is a pedestrian and cycle path starting at the bridge on the south bank of the Wairoa River. It is planned that it will eventually completely encircle the town.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>Cowie Castle is a ruined fortress in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. The site lies at the northern end of Stonehaven on the North Sea coast. To the immediate south is the Cowie Bridge crossing of the Cowie Water. Evidence of prehistoric man exists in the vicinity dating to the Iron Age in the form of ring cairns.</p><br>
<h2>Strategic location</h2><br>
<p>The ancient Causey Mounth trackway was developed at least as early as the eleventh century AD to connect the coastal portion of Stonehaven to a crossing of the River Dee at the southern edge of Aberdeen. This strategic route in the Middle Ages fit with the coastal defences of the fortresses of Dunnottar Castle and Cowie Castle, controlling land and sea movements of military units. Cowie Castle at the north of Stonehaven effectively controlled all coastal land and sea movements to the north. Proceeding north from Cowie Castle, the Causey Mounth crosses the Burn of Muchalls at the Bridge of Muchalls and thence proceeds northward past Muchalls Castle. The trackway passes the ruins of the Episcopal Chapels, dating to 1624 situated on lands of the Muchalls Castle Estate, and thence northerly crossing through the boggy Portlethen Moss (which had a much larger historic extent than present). Cowie Castle is also situated near the southern end of the Elsick Mounth, another strategic route used by the Romans in their northern invasion and also instrumental in subsequent eras&#39; military movements.</p><br>
<p>Other nearby castles are the ruined Dunnottar Castle to the south, Fetteresso Castle to the southwest, and Muchalls Castle to the north. St. Nathalan is said to have founded the ruined Chapel of St. Mary and St. Nathalan immediately north of the Cowie Castle site.</p><br>
<h2>The castle</h2><br>
<p>Cowie is thought to have been the site of a royal hunting lodge in the Middle Ages, and may have served as a royal lodging during progresses through the north east of Scotland. Only a small section of masonry survives today on the site, which is a scheduled monument.</p><br>
<p>The Cowie Water  is a river rising in the Grampian Mountains in Aberdeenshire, Scotland that discharges to the North Sea in the northern part of Stonehaven. south of the ruined Cowie Castle. Tributaries of the Cowie Water include the Burn of Monboys, which drains the area to the north, in which the archaeological site Raedykes Roman Camp is situated; and Cowton Burn.</p><br>
<p>Notable features in this vicinity include Dunnottar Castle, Fetteresso Castle and Muchalls Castle. Other nearby coastal waterways discharging to the North Sea include Burn of Muchalls to the north and Carron Water to the south.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology and water quality</h2><br>
<p>Summer flow rates are typically in the range of 200 cuft/s at the river&#39;s mouth. July values for pH have been measured at 8.2 or slightly alkaline July water temperatures are about 11.9 degrees Celsius and electrical conductivity at Cowie Bridge near the mouth has been measured at a relatively low value of .07 micro-Siemens per meter. Turbidity measured exactly 24 hours after a moderate rainfall of one centimeter was 14 JTU in a July circumstance.</p><br>
<p>Sgarabhaigh  is a small uninhabited island in the eastern end of the Sound of Harris, Outer Hebrides, Scotland.</p><br>
<p>It is approximately 40 acre in size and is home to many seabirds, otters and grey seals. Sgarabhaigh and its sister islands of Grodhaigh and Bhatam, Lingeigh and Gilsaigh are colloquially known as the "Pabach Islands" as they used to provide peat for the islanders on Pabbay when their own supplies ran out in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The island is now the focus for a sustainability project designed to protect the island&#39;s environment, help local economic and social regeneration in the wider islands, and provide people with a perpetual link to Scotland. Whilst open to all, the project particularly wants to connect with descendants of the islanders who were displaced by the Highland Clearances of the 18th and 19th centuries.</p><br>
<p>In July 2009, English former merchant banker Geoff Spice decided to be cast away on Sgarabhaigh for a month in order to give up his smoking habit, and attracted some media attention to the island.</p><br>
<p>The Upemba Depression  is a large marshy bowl area  in the Democratic Republic of the Congo comprising some fifty lakes, including 22 of relatively large size including Lake Upemba  and Lake Kisale . In an earlier era, the area was probably occupied by one large lake.</p><br>
<p>The area is covered in marshland and is partially within the Upemba National Park in Haut-Lomami District.</p><br>
<p>The Upemba Depression has been populated almost continuously since the 5th century AD, and is considered the origin of the Kingdom of Luba (1585-1889). The area includes many archaeological sites and is on the tentative list for UNESCO world heritage site.</p><br>
<p>Roughly translated, the citation for its inclusion as world heritage site states:</p><br>
<p>This large depression has delivered the largest known cemetery in the sub-Saharan Africa. Over 40 archaeological sites have been identified, but only six have been partially excavated so far. Their study allows to trace the complete sequence of the occupation of the region over two millennia, and thus to reconstruct the history of a major ethnic group of Central Africa: the Luba.</p><br>
<p>Chronology based on more than 55 radiocarbon datings and thermoluminescence shows periods of occupation since the Stone Age.</p><br>
<h2>Major lakes in the depression</h2><br>
<p>Lake Kabamba</p><br>
<p>Lake Kabele</p><br>
<p>Lake Kabwe</p><br>
<p>Lake Kange</p><br>
<p>Lake Kibala</p><br>
<p>Lake Kisale</p><br>
<p>Lake Kalondo</p><br>
<p>Lake Kapondwe</p><br>
<p>Lake Kasala</p><br>
<p>Lake Kayumba</p><br>
<p>Lake Kiubo</p><br>
<p>Lake Lukonga</p><br>
<p>Lake Lunde</p><br>
<p>Lake Mulenda</p><br>
<p>Lake Muyumbwe</p><br>
<p>Lake Noala</p><br>
<p>Lake Sanwa</p><br>
<p>Lake Songwe</p><br>
<p>Lake Tungwe</p><br>
<p>Lake Upemba</p><br>
<p>Lake Zimbambo</p><br>
<p>The Charles F. Berg Building, also the Dolph Building is an art-deco building in downtown Portland, Oregon. It is one of the few examples of commercial use of art-deco in Portland.</p><br>
<p>The structure was built in 1902, and remodeled into a womens clothing store with its signature facade in 1930. Charles F. Berg (1871–1932), the buildings namesake, was the owner of the store once located inside. At the time, Charles F. Berg was an upscale store, and featured ornate and lavish interior fixtures such as a Tiffany-designed elevator. The facade includes inlays of 14 Karat gold.</p><br>
<p>Currently, the building is used as offices, with a retail arcade on the ground floor. The Berg building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Cotahuasi Canyon near the city of Arequipa in Peru is one of the deepest canyons in the world. The canyon is an impressive chasm that the river has eroded between two enormous mountain massifs: the Coropuna  and the Solimana . One extends from spurs of the snow-covered Solimana to the confluence with the Ocoña river. Cotahuasi Canyon was cut by the Rio Cotahuasi, a tributary of the Rio Ocoña, to a depth of approximately 3354 meters - over twice the depth of the Grand Canyon.</p><br>
<p>It is formed by the Cotahuasi River, arising at more than 4,750 m in the lake Wansuqucha. It receives the tributaries of the Wayllapaña river in the neighborhood of Pampamarka, to the north, and the Huarcaya near Tumipampa, to the west, and is later joined by the Maran River to form the Ocoña River (Chaucalla village) that ends at the Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Cotahuasi is located at the highest Andean point of Arequipa, in the south of Peru : UTM 683,370 & 790,415 East & 8’275,582 & 8’380,125 North. Between 14°40´22" & 15°35´27" south latitude, 72°19´15" & 73°18´08" west longitude.</p><br>
<p>This province is characterized by its steep relief: incised by rivers and gullies, ranging between 1,000 and 6,093 metres, with 19 ecological zones. As is the case with cultures all over the world, the people of highland Arequipa Province are also changing with the times. Nonetheless, the altitude and remoteness of this region mean that residents have retained many of the practices that are now no longer common in neighboring regions.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The only road leading to the canyon goes through Chuquibamba in the Condesuyos province, then Aplao in Castilla Province. It begins on the Panamerican Highway near Arequipa.</p><br>
<p>Four bus companies start daily from the Arequipa bus terminal, between 4 and 6 pm. The bus drive is 10–12 hours long, on a road which is unpaved after Chuquibamba. It also goes quite high, through a 4500m pass between Coropuna and Solimana.</p><br>
<h2>Protected area</h2><br>
<p>The Cotahuasi Subbasin is a landscape park set up by a 2005 decree. It covers 4,905.5 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>This natural reserve preserves an integrated environment where man and nature are living in close harmony, in a preserved cultural microcosm.</p><br>
<p>The difficult topographic conditions have generated specific landscapes like agricultural terraces.</p><br>
<h2>Agriculture</h2><br>
<p>Organic agriculture includes many plants in the reserve : kiwicha, quinoa, mint, dark maize, llacon, fava, oca, beans, arveja (pea), chulpi maize, anise, tarwi. These products are meant to give priority to food supplies to the province. Therefore, very little is produced for export.</p><br>
<p>Food autonomy is reached thanks to ecological techniques, rational use of water, promotion of improved seeds, conservation of biodiversity, strengthening of producer associations, and complementary livestock breeding.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The Cotahuasi landscape reserve is a preserved area. The landscapes have a large biodiversity including many endemic medicinal plants : muña, retama, tara, coca, jara (malva sylvestris), ruda (ruta graveolens), kiwicha, yareta (azorella compacta).</p><br>
<p>The landscapes are quite many, from the rivers at the bottom of the canyon to the cold desert areas of the summits. There are 12 different ecosystems in Cotahuasi reserve.</p><br>
<p>There are also a number of Inca and pre-Inca works including the many agricultural terraces still in use today. The region is also rich with culture and traditions, preserved by ancient Andean people : weaving, colonial churches, inca tracks, numerous festivals.</p><br>
<p>The Ladd Carriage House is a building in downtown Portland, Oregon. It is one of the few surviving pieces of the former grand estates which once existed in the downtown core. It was on the National Register of Historic Places from 1980 until 2008. It was restored to the list in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The building served as an outbuilding to the William S. Ladd mansion, once located across Broadway on the block later occupied by The Oregonians headquarters (until 2014). Since its decommissioning as a private residential structure, it has been used as offices and retailing space.</p><br>
<p>An early remodel, c. 1930, converted the open first floor and hayloft into three floors of offices according to architect Van Evera Bailey, who established his office in the carriage house.</p><br>
<h2>House relocation and renovation</h2><br>
<p>The future of the building was cast into doubt when the neighboring First Christian Church announced plans to redevelop the entire block. The congregation had bought the Ladd Carriage House in 1971, and sought to expand parking for its members. As part of the redevelopment, a condo tower, Ladd Tower, would be built above a parking garage. A demolition permit had been secured for the lot, but never used. Nevertheless, this raised alarm bells in the preservationist community and a grass-roots campaign, the Friends of Ladd Carriage House, sprang into action to either save or move the old building. One proposal was to move the Carriage House to Lair Hill, but this was logistically complex (steep streets, crossing bridges, cutting Portland Streetcar lines).</p><br>
<p>A compromise was agreed upon where the Ladd Carriage House would be moved temporarily while a new garage would be dug out, then the building would be moved back onto the lot. The plans for the condo tower were scaled back so that the tower&#39;s footprint only took up half the block, not three-quarters of it.</p><br>
<p>On June 16, 2007, after ground was broken on Ladd Tower, the Ladd Carriage House was moved to the parking lot owned by the Church of Christ, Scientist at the corner of 10th and Columbia streets. This meant the house wouldn&#39;t need to cross the streetcar lines. It was moved back to its original site on October 25, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Extensive exterior renovations occurred after the Ladd Carriage House moved back to its original site. In April 2009 the house was repainted, going from shades of blue to shades of brown. The house was restored to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010, and in 2011 the building was sold for $1 million. Interior renovations began in spring 2012, and the Raven and Rose restaurant opened in fall 2012.</p><br>
<p>Vestvågøya or Vest-Vågøy is an island in the Lofoten archipelago in Nordland county, Norway. The islands is located within the municipality of Vestvågøy. The island lies between the islands of Austvågøya and Gimsøya to the northeast and Flakstadøya to the southwest. The European route E10 highway crosses the island connecting to Flakstadøya by the Nappstraum Tunnel and to Gimsøya by the Sundklakkstraumen Bridge.</p><br>
<p>The middle part of the island is relatively flat and marshy, while the outer parts in the north and south are mountainous. The highest point on the island is the 964 m tall Himmeltindan. The flat parts of the island are largely agricultural land. There is one town (Leknes) and several large villages on the island including Stamsund, Ballstad, and Gravdal.</p><br>
<p>Zashchitnaya Bay  is an end of Vyborg Bay in Russian Federation in the City of Vyborg  in the Leningrad Oblast. The Vyborg Bay is itself a bay of the Gulf of Finland  in the Baltic Sea. The Castle of Vyborg and the Park Monrepos are located by Zashchitnaya Bay. The old 1856 opened Saimaa Canal, as well as the new one, both begin in Zashchitnaya Bay, too.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before 1944 Suomenvedenpohja was located in the city of Viipuri and in municipality of Viipuri (Viipurin maalaiskunta) in Finland.</p><br>
<p>In the Middle Ages, the river Vuoksa had an outlet in Suomenvedenpohja, which however dried up little by little due to post-glacial rebound and was left completely dry in 1857 when the Kiviniemi rapids in Losevo (Лосево, Kiviniemi), Karelian isthmus were formed and the Burnaya River (Бурная, Taipaleenjoki) became the main outlet of Vuoksa.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Henry Hagg Lake  is an artificial lake in northwest Oregon, in the United States. The reservoir is an impoundment of Scoggins Creek, which drains a small portion of the eastern side of the Northern Oregon Coast Range. The lake and creek are part of the Tualatin River’s watershed in the Tualatin Valley. It is located about 5 mi southwest of Forest Grove.</p><br>
<h2>Scoggins Dam</h2><br>
<p>Scoggins Dam was built in 1975 by the United States Bureau of Reclamation, which still owns and operates the facility. Hagg Lake contains 53,640 acre.ft of water that can be used. Some water from the lake is used by Clean Water Services to augment the flow of the Tualatin River during the summer months to reduce the temperature and improve water quality. Other users include four cities and the Tualatin Valley Water District.</p><br>
<p>Franklin River in Vancouver Island, British Columbia, is located between Alberni Inlet and Barkley Sound, was named as part of the Vancouver Island Exploration Expedition of 1864. The river was named for Selim Franklin, Esquire, who was Chairman of the Exploration Committee.</p><br>
<p>The Franklin River flows west into Sproat Narrows in the Alberni Inlet, south of the city of Port Alberni. The traditional name of the river is Owatchet.</p><br>
<p>In 1911 Seattle attorney Julius Bloedel and the Bloedel Stewart Welch Company began purchasing Vancouver Island land for logging. Their Franklin River location became one of the largest logging operations in the world. Later in 1938 the company would become the first in British Columbia to plant seedlings in areas that had been logged.</p><br>
<p>The Col de Portet d&#39;Aspet  is a mountain pass in the central Pyrenees in the department of Haute-Garonne in France. It is situated on the D618 road between Aspet and Saint-Girons and connects the Ger and Bouigane valleys, on the slopes of the Pic de Paloumère .</p><br>
<h2>Details of climb</h2><br>
<p>Starting from Audressein, in Ariège, the climb is 18.1 km long. Over this distance, the climb is 557 m at an average gradient of 3.1%. The climb proper starts at Saint-Lary, 5.9 km and 393 m from the summit (at 6.8%), with the steepest sections being at 10.6% near the summit.</p><br>
<p>Starting from Aspet, in Haute-Garonne, the climb is 14.3 km long. Over this distance, the climb is 594 m at an average gradient of 4.2%. The climb proper starts at the D618/D44 junction (also the start of the climb to the Col de Menté), 4.4 km/436 m from the summit (at 9.6%), with several sections in excess of 11%; the maximum gradient is 12.8%, 3 km from the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Appearances in Tour de France</h2><br>
<p>The Col de Portet d&#39;Aspet was first used in the Tour de France in 1910 and has appeared regularly since. The leader over the summit in 1910 was Octave Lapize.</p><br>
<p>Since 1947, the Col has featured 32 times including on Stage 12 of the 2015 race.</p><br>
<p>In the 1973 tour Raymond Poulidor almost lost his life on the descent from the Portet d&#39;Aspet when he plunged off the road into a ravine, taking a serious blow to the head and crawling out with the help of the race director, Jacques Goddet.</p><br>
<h2>Fabio Casartelli</h2><br>
<p>On 18 July 1995, during the fifteenth stage of the 1995 Tour de France, Fabio Casartelli and a few other riders crashed on the descent of the Col de Portet d&#39;Aspet. Casartelli sustained heavy facial and head injuries and lost consciousness. While being transported via helicopter to a local hospital, he stopped breathing and after numerous resuscitation attempts was declared dead. The Société du Tour de France and the Motorola team placed a memorial stone dedication to Casartelli on the spot where he crashed.</p><br>
<p>Greenbank Garden is a 2.5 acre 18th century walled garden in Clarkston, East Renfrewshire, Scotland, owned and operated by the National Trust for Scotland and open to the public. It is situated about six miles  from the centre of Glasgow. The garden surrounds Greenbank House, which is protected as a Category A listed building.</p><br>
<p>The house has sixteen rooms, and also barns and stables.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Georgian house was built in 1763 for Robert Allason, a Glasgow merchant. Allason was a local man who had begun life as a baker, before setting up with his brothers in Port Glasgow as a trader. He made his fortune trading with Britains American colonies, eventually becoming a land-holder in the Caribbean. The profits from trade in both tobacco and slaves, allowed him to purchase Flenders Farm (land his family had worked for centuries) and establish the house. However, Allasons trading interests later suffered during the American War of Independence.</p><br>
<p>Over the next two centuries, the house was owned by a number of families, principally several generations of the Hamilton family, from 1796 to 1961. In 1961 it was bought by William P. Blyth who, with his wife, transformed the grounds from fruit and vegetable growing to the ornamental gardens that are seen today. Then, in 1976, Mr & Mrs Blyth gifted the house, walled garden, and the 16 acre estate to the National Trust for Scotland. In 1981 an additional 20 acres were donated by the Young family (descendants of the Hamiltons). Today, the Gardens are open all year round, and the house from March until October.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Described as an "educational garden to inspire and educate visitors on what and how to grow a very wide range of more unusual plants which are available in the trade", depending on the season. These include spring bulbs, apple and cherry blossom, astilbe, aubretia, deutzia, dicentra, saxifrages, hydrangeas, primulas, dahlias, roses, philadelphus, azalea, rhododendron, lythrum, crocosmia, phlox, cosmos, echinops, sedum, lavatera, monarda, helenium and sweet william, as well as rodgersia pinnata superba, echevaria gibbiflora metallica and agrostemma. The National Trust operates a tea-room next to the garden, where there is a substantial encyclopædia of plants, allowing visitors to identify specimens they do not recognise.</p><br>
<p>As well as the walled garden and the house, there are also 16 acre of woodland marked particularly by rhododendrons. The woodland also contains a herd of Highland cattle.</p><br>
<p>The Horseshoe Falls, a tieredcascade waterfall, is located in the Central Highlands region of Tasmania, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The Horseshoe Falls are situated in the Mount Field National Park, 100 m upstream of Russell Falls, approximately 70 km northwest of Hobart via the Brooker Highway to and are a popular tourist attraction. The waterfall descends over horizontal marine Permian siltstone benches, while the vertical faces of the falls are composed of resistant sandstone layers.</p><br>
<p>Horseshoe falls fw.jpgHorseshoe Falls</p><br>
<p>Horseshoe Falls.jpgHorseshoe Falls</p><br>
<p>Horseshoe_Falls_Mount_Field_Tasmania.jpgHorseshoe Falls</p><br>
<p>HorseshoeFalls MtFieldNP Tasmania.JPGHorseshoe Falls</p><br>
<p>Mount Tabor  is located in Lower Galilee, Israel, at the eastern end of the Jezreel Valley, 11 mi west of the Sea of Galilee. It was the site of the Mount Tabor battle between Barak under the leadership of the Israelite judge Deborah, and the army of Jabin commanded by Sisera, in the mid 12th century BCE. It is believed by many Christians to be the site of the Transfiguration of Jesus, although Mount Hermon at Caesarea Philippi has also been proposed. Mount Tabor is known as Har Tavor in Hebrew, Itabyrium in the Graeco-Roman world, Jebel et-Tur in Arabic, and the Mount of Transfiguration in some Christian contexts.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Mount Tabor is shaped almost like a half-sphere, suddenly rising from rather flat surroundings and reaching a height of 575 metres (1,886 feet), thus dominating by a good 450 metres the next town in the plain below, Kfar Tavor. The Catholic church at the top is well visible from afar. At the base it is almost fully surrounded by the Arab villages of Daburiyya, Shibli, and Umm al-Ghanam.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is a monadnock: an isolated hill or small mountain rising abruptly from gently sloping or level surrounding land, and is not volcanic. In spite of its proximity to the Nazareth mountains, it constitutes a separate geological form.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the bottom of the mountain was an important road junction: Via Maris passed there from the Jezreel Valley northward towards Damascus. Its location on the road junction and its bulgy formation above its environment gave Mount Tabor a strategic value and wars were conducted in its area in different periods in history.</p><br>
<h3>Bronze and Iron Ages</h3><br>
<p>The mountain is mentioned for the first time in the Hebrew Bible, in, as border of three tribes: Zebulun, Issachar and Naphtali. The mountains importance stems from its strategic control of the junction of the Galilees north-south route with the east-west highway of the Jezreel Valley. Deborah the Jewish prophetess summoned Barak of the tribe of Naphtali and gave him God&#39;s command, "Go and draw toward mount Tabor, and take with thee ten thousand men of the children of Naphtali and of the children of Zebulun" (Judges 4:6). Descending from the mountain, the Israelites attacked and vanquished Sisera and the Canaanites.</p><br>
<h3>Classic era</h3><br>
<p>In the days of the Second Temple (ca. 516 BCE - 70 CE), Mount Tabor was one of the mountain peaks on which it was the custom to light beacons in order to inform the northern villages of Jewish holy days and of beginnings of new months.</p><br>
<p>In 55 BCE, during a Hasmonean rebellion against the Roman proconsul of Syria, Aulus Gabinius, Alexander of Judaea and his army of 30,000 Judeans was defeated in battle at Mount Tabor. As many as 10,000 Jewish fighters were killed in the battle and Alexander was forced to flee, apparently to Syria.</p><br>
<h4>Roman province of Judæa</h4><br>
<p>In 66 CE, during the First Jewish-Roman War, the Galilean Jews retrenched on the mountain under the command of Yosef Ben Matityahu, better known as Josephus Flavius, the later historian, whence they defended themselves against the Roman assault. Itabyrium, as Josephus calls it, was one of the 19 sites fortified by the rebels in Galilee under his very orders. According to what is written in his book "The Wars of the Jews", Vespasian sent an army of 600 riders, under the command of Placidus, who fought the rebels. Placidus understood that he could not reach the top of the steep mountain with his forces, and therefore called the fortified rebels to walk down the mountain. A group of Jewish rebels descended from the mountain, supposedly, in order to negotiate with Placidus, but they attacked him. The Roman forces initially retreated, but while they were in the valley, they returned towards the mountain, attacked the Jewish rebels, killed many of them, and blocked the road for the remaining rebels who tried to flee back to the top of the mountain. Many of the Jewish rebels left Mount Tabor and returned to Jerusalem. The rest of the fortified rebels in the fortress on the mountain surrendered after their water ran out. They then handed over the mountain to Placidus.</p><br>
<p>From the late times of the Roman province Judaea (6 CE–135 CE) and on, the writers of the Christian New Testament relate that Jesus had brought Peter, James, and John his brother into a high mountain apart, and that Jesus became radiant there. However, none of these accounts identifies the "high mountain" of the scene by name. The earliest identification of the Mount of Transfiguration as Tabor is by Origen in the 3rd century. This early speculation is recounted by St. Cyril of Jerusalem and St. Jerome in the 4th century.</p><br>
<p>It is later recounted in the 5th century Transitus Beatae Mariae Virginis. Mount Hermon is an alternative site according to tradition.</p><br>
<p>After the destruction of the Second Temple, Jewish settlement On Mount Tabor was renewed.</p><br>
<h4>Byzantine period</h4><br>
<p>Due to the importance of Mount Tabor in Christian tradition, from the 4th century onward it became a pilgrimage site. According to descriptions of the pilgrims, during the 6th century there were three churches on the top of the mountain.</p><br>
<h3>Middle Ages</h3><br>
<p>During the 8th century there were four churches and a monastery on the mountain. During the Arab Caliphate period, in 947, a battle occurred on Mount Tabor between different factions over the control of the Land of Israel on behalf of the Abbasid Caliphate.</p><br>
<p>During the period of the Crusades, the mountain changed hands many times between Muslims and Christians. In 1099 the Crusaders fortified the area of the monastery which was on the peak of the mountain, in order to protect the pilgrims from Muslims attacks. In 1101, when Crusaders controlled the area, the Benedictine monks rebuilt a ruined basilica and erected a fortified abbey. In 1212 the mountain was occupied by the Ayyubid Sultan Al-Adil I who built a large fortress at its top, but in 1229 it was again occupied by the Christians. In 1263, the Mamluk ruler Baibars occupied the fortress and destroyed the buildings on the mountain.</p><br>
<h3>Ottoman era</h3><br>
<p>In 1799, during the time of Napoleon Bonaparte&#39;s Syrian expedition, in the valley between mount Tabor and the Hill of Moreh, the Battle of Mount Tabor was fought in which a French force of about 3,000 soldiers under the command of Napoleon and general Jean Baptiste Kléber won against an Ottoman force of about 35,000 soldiers.</p><br>
<p>At the end of the 19th and the beginning the 20th century, the Bedouin tribe Arab Al-Sabehi settled on the mountain. It was one of the strongest tribes in that region.</p><br>
<p>During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War members from the Arab Al-Sabehi tribe participated in the army of the Arab Liberation Army of Fawzi al-Qawuqji and amongst others killed seven members of the kibbutz Beit Keshet. At the start of May 1948 the Golani Brigade occupied Mount Tabor. Most members of the tribe were forced out to Syria and to the Kingdom of Jordan, except for one branch of the tribe, the clan of Shibli, whose members refused to leave their land. After the war their village was established, Arab Al-Shibli, which is nowadays part of the village Shibli-Umm al-Ghanam. The Bedouin village was admitted as a tourist village by the Israeli government and the locals are famous of being hospitable and very friendly to visitors.</p><br>
<p>Since the late 1960s many of the tribesmen joined the Israeli security forces (such as IDF, Border Guarding Unit and police). Many tribes in the region, like Arab-Al Hieb, began their military cooperation with the Jewish underground forces before the establishment of the state, in the late 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Today, in order to reach the mountaintop, buses must cross through the main road of Shibli or Daburiyya. At the top of the mount there are two Christian monasteries, one Greek Orthodox on the northeast side, and one Roman Catholic on the southeast side.</p><br>
<h3>Church of the Transfiguration</h3><br>
<p>Between 1919 until 1924 an impressive Roman Catholic church of the Franciscan order named "Church of the Transfiguration" was built on the peak of Mount Tabor. The architect who designed the church, among many other more in the Holy Land, was Antonio Barluzzi. The church was built upon the ruins of a Byzantine church from the fifth or sixth century and a Crusader church from the 12th century, which was built in honor of Tancred, Prince of Galilee. The friars of the church live next to the church in a monastery established in 1873.</p><br>
<p>The church consists of three naves which are separated by two rows of columns supporting arches. In the two bell towers on either side of the entrance, there are two chapels. The northern chapel is dedicated to Moses and it contains an image of him receiving the Tables of the Law on Mount Sinai, and the southern chapel is dedicated to Elijah the prophet and it contains an image of him invoking God during his confrontation with the Ba&#39;al prophets on Mount Carmel.</p><br>
<p>In the upper part of the church, above the altar, there is a mosaic which depicts the Transfiguration, and on the Transfiguration holiday on August 6, it is illuminated by the sun beams which are reflected by a glass plate located on the floor of the church.</p><br>
<p>A rock near the entrance of the church has an engraving in ancient Greek and beside it there is an engraving of a cross. Nearby there are the remains of the monastery of San Salvatore (Monastère St Salvador), which was established by the Benedictines in 1101.</p><br>
<h3>Eastern Orthodox sanctuary</h3><br>
<p>The main church of the Jerusalemite Orthodox monastery dedicated to the Transfiguration and lends its name to the entire monastery. The construction of the current church was started by a Romanian monk, Irinarh Rosetti, in 1859, the year of his death, and was finished by his disciple, Nectarie Banul, in 1862, making it the first religious structure built by Romanian Christians in the Holy Land.</p><br>
<p>Northeast of the Church of the Transfiguration, there is the more modest Church of the Prophet Elijah.</p><br>
<p>Northwest of the main church there is a small cave-church named after Melchizedek, the King of Salem. According to the Christian tradition, this cave was the place where Abraham met the king of Salem. The cave was known to pilgrims and local Christians during the Middle Ages. With an increase in pilgrimages, the church is now open to the public (though it closes for a few hours at noon).</p><br>
<p>An all-night vigil is held at the church every year on the Orthodox Feast of the Transfiguration on August 19 (which corresponds to August 6 according to the Julian Calendar).</p><br>
<h2>Vegetation</h2><br>
<p>Mount Tabor was entirely covered with vegetation typical of northern Ancient Israel until the reign of the Ottoman Empire, during which period most of the trees were felled. The trees were felled for use in the charcoal industry. As part of the Jewish National Fund&#39;s efforts to recreate the landscapes of the country, during the 1960s and 1970s the area was reforested with trees which are similar to its original vegetation. Today, most of Mount Tabor is covered with trees such as Mount Tabor Oak (Quercus ithaburensis) and Palestine oak (Quercus calliprinos). Up to 400 plant species have been found on the Mount including large yellow crocuses (Sternbergia clusiana), the Persian lily (Fritillaria persica) rain-bells flowers (Muscari parviflorum), black-eyed red tulips (Tulipa agenensis), orchids, irises (including Iris haynei) and yellow asphodel (Asphodeline Lutea), spontaneous barley (Hordeum spontaneum), Mt. Tabor larkspur, a rather rare perennial grass with blue spring flowers (Delphinium ithaburense), sweet cicely (myrrhoides nodosa), a very rare plant of the umbelliferae family, Galileahn alkanet (Alkanna galilaea) and parsley-piert (Aphanes arvensis).</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The woodland vegetation is good habitat for various animals, including wolves and jackals, foxes, porcupines, hyraxes, mongooses and the broad-toothed field mouse (Apodemus mysticanus). In a cave at the top of the Mount, long-fingered bats (Myotis capaccini), can be found roosting. Various reptiles can also be found including; the Greek tortoise (Testudo graeca), the hardun lizard (Stellagama stellio), the Lebanon lizard (Phoenicolacerta laevi) and the red whip snake (Platyceps collaris). The woodland is also a good habitat for various birds including jays (Garrulus), Syrian woodpeckers (Dendrocopos syriacus), Sardinian warblers (Sylvia melanocephala), Eurasian hobbies (Falco subbuteo), great tits (Parus major), great spotted cuckoos (Clamator glandarius) and snake eagles (Circaetus).</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<h3>Accessibility</h3><br>
<p>Mount Tabor is located off Highway 65, and its summit is accessible by personal vehicle via Shibli. A shuttle service with minibuses transports those tourists which arrive in large coaches, such being too large for the narrow serpentines leading up to the top.</p><br>
<p>Nowadays reaching the top of the mountain itself does not demand great effort, but some 1,600 years ago one had to walk up no less than 4,340 stairs in order to arrive at the peak of the mountain.</p><br>
<h3>Walking paths</h3><br>
<p>For hikers there are two paths: the long track, which starts from the Bedouin village Shibli, about five kilometers long; and a short nature track of about 2.5 kilometers at the summit.</p><br>
<p>The long path, which traverses the mountain and its peak, is part of the Israel National Trail. It goes up the mountain from the Gazit Junction via the village of Shibli, surrounds the summit and descends on the other side towards the Arab village of Daburiyya, in the direction of the Nazareth mountains.</p><br>
<p>The track which surrounds the mountain passes through well-developed Mediterranean woodlands. The color marking alternates to green at the eastern part of the track. Behind the monastery it&#39;s possible to see remnants from the First Jewish–Roman War. Along the path there are views of the Jezreel Valley, Mount Gilboa, the mountains of Samaria, Mount Carmel, the Golan Heights, Gilead, the Lower Galilee and the Upper Galilee. On days with good visibility one can also see Mount Hermon.</p><br>
<h3>Activities on Mount Tabor</h3><br>
<p>In April each year, the regional council of Lower Galilee holds a 12-kilometre race around Mount Tabor in memory of Yitzhak Sadeh, the first commander of the Palmach and one of the founders of the Israel Defense Forces at the time of the establishment of the State of Israel.</p><br>
<p>By obtaining a game permit issued by the Ministry of the Interior, hunting of small animals is allowed during certain designated seasons.</p><br>
<p>The churches located on the mountain allow visits at specific hours. Modest attire required.</p><br>
<p>Approximately three quarters of the way up the mountain, a path circles it entirely and is accessible for private vehicles as well (four-wheel drive advised).</p><br>
<p>The mountain serves as one of Israel&#39;s preferred locales for hang gliding.</p><br>
<p>La Ronciere Island (Остров Ла-Ронсьер; Ostrov La-Ronsier, also known as Ronser Island, is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This island was named by the Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition after Captain La Ronciere Le Noury, a French courier for Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph.</p><br>
<p>On some maps La Ronciere Island appears as "Whitney Island", after American Arctic financier William Collins Whitney. This name was given by the American explorer Evelyn Briggs Baldwin, but the Austro-Hungarian explorers who discovered Franz Josef land had named this island first.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>La Ronciere Island&#39;s area is 478 km². Its latitude is 81° N and its longitude 61° E. The highest point of the island is 431 m. It is almost completely glaciarized except for two small points by the shore in the northeast and in the west.</p><br>
<p>La Ronciere Island lies north of Wilczek Land, separated from it by an 8 km wide sound.</p><br>
<h3>Adjacent islands</h3><br>
<h4>Geddes Island</h4><br>
<p>6 km southwest of La Ronciere Island and 4 km north of Wilczek Land&#39;s northwestern cape, at 80.8716667&deg;N latitude, 60.1172222&deg;E longitude, lies a small island called Ostrov Geidzh (Остров Гейдж) or Geddes Island. This barely 1 km island was named after Scottish polar scientist Sir Patrick Geddes.</p><br>
<p>This same island was named Hayden Island (Остров Гайдана; Ostrov Gaydana), after pioneering American geologist Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden, by the Ziegler-Fiala expedition.</p><br>
<p>Ziegler Island  is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia.</p><br>
<p>This island is 45 km long, stretching from the NW to the SE. Its area is 448 km² and it is almost completely unglacierized. The highest point on Ziegler Island is 554 m. Ziegler Island is part of the Zichy Land subgroup of the Franz Josef Archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Adjacent islands</h2><br>
<p>Ostrov Ugolnoy Kopi is a round island wedged between Ziegler Island and Greely Island 80.9644&deg;N latitude, 58.0461&deg;E longitude. It is about 3.5 km in diameter. Highest point 393 m. Unglacierized. Ugolnoy Kopi is separated from Ziegler island by a 600 m sound.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This island was named after New York businessman William Ziegler, leader of the 1901 Baldwin-Ziegler North Pole Expedition, on ships America, Fridtjof and Belgica, and of the 1903–1905 Ziegler-Fiala Polar Expedition. The Austrian observing site Payer–Weyprecht (probably 81&deg;06&prime;N latitude, 56&deg;11&prime;E longitude) was established around the start of the 20th century on this island.</p><br>
<p>Champ Island  is an island in the central area of Franz Josef Land, Russia.</p><br>
<p>Champ Island has a surface of 374 km² and there is a wide unglacierized zone in the southwest of the island. The highest point of the island is 507 m.</p><br>
<p>Champ Island is the southernmost island of the Zichy Land subgroup of the Franz Joseph Archipelago. It is separated by narrow sounds from Luigi Island in the north and Salisbury Island in the northeast.</p><br>
<p>The broad channel in the west of Champ Island is known as Markham Channel (Пролив маркама; Proliv Markama), after British polar explorer Admiral Sir Albert Hastings Markham.</p><br>
<p>This island was named after William S. Champ, who was the representative of the late William Ziegler and leader of the relief operation searching for Anthony Fiala of the Fiala-Ziegler Polar Expedition.</p><br>
<p>A piece of a century-year-old ski was found in Champ Island, at Cape Trieste (Mys Triest) in August 2006.</p><br>
<p>The island is known by stone spheres with dimensions from millimetres to several meters.</p><br>
<p>Salm Island  is a roughly round-shaped island in Franz Josef Land, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia.</p><br>
<p>Salm Island was named by the Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition after the Salm-Hoogstraten aristocratic dynasty to which Count Karl Alexander, one of the expedition&#39;s main sponsors, belonged.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Salm Island is almost completely glacierized except for two headlands in its western and its southern shore. The Chernyshev Ice Cap (Lednik Chernysheva) covers most of the island. Salm Island&#39;s maximum length is 17 km and its area is 344 km². The highest point of the island is 343 m high summit of the Chernyshev Ice Cap.</p><br>
<h3>Adjacent smaller islands</h3><br>
<p>Salm Island is surrounded by smaller islands. Ostrova Bisernyye are two small islets located right off Salm Island&#39;s southern shore.</p><br>
<h4>Wilczek Island</h4><br>
<p>Southwest of Salm Island lies 10 km long Wilczek Island (oстров Вильчека) —which should not be confused with Wilczek Land in the same archipelago. It is separated from Salm Island by a 3 km wide sound. This island is named after Austro-Hungarian nobleman Johann Nepomuk Graf Wilczek.</p><br>
<h4>Lütke Island</h4><br>
<p>4 km southeast of Salm Island lies small and round Lütke Island (oстров Литке). Its area is 14 km² and it was named after Russian Count Fyodor Petrovich Litke.</p><br>
<h4>Hochstetter Islands</h4><br>
<p>A few miles to the northeast lie the Hochstetter Islands (oстрова Гохштеттера or oстрова Хохштеттера), made up of a 6.5 km long by 4 km wide island, Hochstetter Island (also known as Gogstettera Yuzhnyy), and two smaller islets Gogstettera Sredniy and ostrov Al&#39;batros. The Hochstetter Islands are named after the German Hochstetter princely dynasty of the Austro Hungarian Empire.</p><br>
<h4>Koldewey Island</h4><br>
<p>Roughly north lies 3.7 km long Koldewey Island (oстров Kольдевея), named after Captain Carl Koldewey leader of the Second German Expedition to the Arctic in 1869-70. Highest point 66 m.</p><br>
<h4>Schoenau Island</h4><br>
<p>Off Koldewey Island&#39;s northern point there is a smaller island, Schoenau Island (oстров Шёнау). This island was named after Teplitz-Schönau (now Teplice, Czech Republic), the birthplace of Austro-Hungarian arctic explorer Julius Payer, who made a discovery of Franz Josef Land, when he led, as a Commander at Shore, the Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition together with Karl Weyprecht, who was a Commander at sea.</p><br>
<p>Wiener Neustadt Island</p><br>
<p>(Остров Винер-Нёйштадт, Ostrov Viner-Neyshtadt,</p><br>
<p>also Остров Винер-Нойштадт, Ostrov Viner-Noyshtadt)</p><br>
<p>is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russian Federation.</p><br>
<p>Wiener Neustadt Island&#39;s area is 237 km² and it is almost completely glacierized. The highest point of this island, Peak Parnass, is 620 m, the highest in Franz Josef Land.</p><br>
<p>Wiener Neustadt Island is part of the Zichy Land subgroup of the Franz Josef Archipelago. It is separated from Ziegler Island and Salisbury Island by the narrow Collinson Sound (Proliv Kollinsona).</p><br>
<p>This island was named after Wiener Neustadt, a town located south of Vienna, by the Payer-Weyprecht Austro-Hungarian Arctic expedition.</p><br>
<h2>View</h2><br>
<p>The Nebraska Governors Mansion is the official residence of the Governor of Nebraska and his family. Located in Lincoln, Nebraska, it is a modified Georgian Colonial home which began operation as the governors residence on March 17, 1958. Governor Victor E. Anderson was the first to live here. The architect was Selmer Solheim & Associates. The residence has 31 rooms, including 5 bedrooms and 12 bathrooms, 4 fireplaces and a 3-stall garage. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Former Nebraska First Gentleman Bill Orr led efforts to refurbish the mansion during the late 1980s. Orr, who moved into the mansion with his wife, Governor Kay Orr, in 1987, had described the then interior decor as "early Holiday Inn" noting that "We can do better." Bill Orr authored a cookbook, The First Gentleman&#39;s Cookbook, with all proceeds going to a $200,000 fund to renovate and refurbish the mansion.</p><br>
<p>Nansen Island  is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. The island is partly glaciated and its area is 164 km². The highest point of the island is 372 m.</p><br>
<p>Nansen Island is named in the honor and memory of Arctic explorer Fridtjof Nansen, who explored and charted the Franz Josef Archipelago in 1896.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is located in the center of a cluster of islands of similar size separated from each other by narrow sounds. The channel to the southwest of the subgroup is Proliv Allen-Yung (пролив Аллен-Юнг), the one at the southeast is Proliv Sidorova (пролив Сидорова), the channel to the northeast is the Proliv Markama (пролив Маркама), and the one in the west is the Proliv Britansky Kanal (пролив Британский Канал).</p><br>
<p>Mys Artura is the cape in the north of the island. The cape in the southwest is known as Mys Ushakova, after Russian Arctic explorer Georgy Ushakov, and the southernmost point is called Mys Teylora (Cape Taylor).</p><br>
<h3>Adjacent islands</h3><br>
<h4>Koetlitz Island</h4><br>
<p>Ostrov Ketlitsa (Остров Кётлица), Koetlitz Island is a long island which lies off the northwestern tip of Nansen island. Glacierized, maximum height 158 m. The cape at its northern end is known as Mys Polyarnogo Siyaniya and its southernmost came is Mys Giuys. The channel separating this island from Nansen island is known as Proliv Roberta Piliya. Koetlitz Island was named in honor of the geologist of the 1894-1897 Jackson-Harmsworth Arctic Expedition to the Franz Josef Archipelago, Dr. Reginald Koetlitz.</p><br>
<h4>Wilton Island</h4><br>
<p>Ostrov Uiltona (Остров Уилтона), Wilton Island is a small island off Nansen Island&#39;s northeastern coast. It is separated from it by a 1 km narrow sound. It was named after Scottish explorer David W. Wilton, also of the 1894-1897 Jackson-Harmsworth Arctic Expedition. Wilton had lived for some years in the north of Russia before joining the expedition.</p><br>
<h4>Bromwich Island</h4><br>
<p>Ostrov Bromidzh (Остров Бромидж), Bromwich Island lies east of Nansen Island; (lat 80.49 long 54.9). It is covered by an ice-cap, but it has a few unglacierized areas at small points near its shores. Maximum height 392 m.</p><br>
<h4>Brice Island</h4><br>
<p>Ostrov Braysa (Остров Брайса), Brice Island lies south of Bromwich Island. There is an icecap in the middle of the island but large swathes of land are unglacierized in the north and southwest. Maximum height 409 m. This island was named after Arthur Montefiore Brice&#39;, the secretary of the 1894-1897 Jackson-Harmsworth Arctic Expedition.</p><br>
<h4>Pritchet Island</h4><br>
<p>Ostrov Pritchetta (Остров Притчетта), Pritchet Island lies off Nansen Islands southern shore. This island is quite large and has a few areas free of glaciers. Highest point 401 m. The name of this island is very likely a corruption of Karl Weyprechts name (the initial syllable "We" having disappeared). Since Weyprecht was one of the two leaders of the Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition, along with Payer, who has an island named after him further to the northeast in the same archipelago, it is very unlikely that Weyprecht would not have an island named after him in Franz Josef Land.</p><br>
<h4>Bliss Island</h4><br>
<p>Ostrov Blissa (Остров Блисса), Bliss Island lies south of Pritchet Island. Partly unglacierized.</p><br>
<h4>Jefferson Island</h4><br>
<p>Ostrov Dzheffersona (Остров Джефферсона), Jefferson Island is a much smaller island lying off Nansen Island&#39;s southwestern shore. This island was named in honor of Thomas Jefferson by the 1901 Baldwin-Ziegler North Pole Expedition.</p><br>
<p>Heiss Island  is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia.</p><br>
<p>It is located in the central area of the archipelago, north of Hall Island, between Champ Island and Wilczek Land. Its area is 132 km².</p><br>
<p>Heiss island is almost unglacierized, having only a small ice-cap off its centre by its northern shore. Highest point 242 m.</p><br>
<p>The strait to the south of Heiss Island is known as Proliv Markama, which narrows down to only 5 km at this point.</p><br>
<p>On the east lies a strait known as Proliv Austrisky, beyond which lie the smaller Komsomol Islands. 7 km wide Proliv Yermak in the north, separates Heiss Island from the Zichy Land subgroup of the Franz Josef Archipelago.</p><br>
<p>The cape on the southwestern shore of Heiss island is called Mys Ostantsovyy.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kheysa, a now abandoned Soviet rocket launching site, was located on this island.</p><br>
<p>Now Heiss Island is home to the Krenkel hydrometeorological station (80°37′ N, 58°03′ E).</p><br>
<p>This island (including the Komsomol Islands) was originally named after veteran Arctic explorer Isaac Hayes, who undertook a historical Polar expedition in 1850. The island&#39;s name in English should have been Hayes Island, but German cartographers Germanized its name after transliterating from the Russian and the corrupted name "Heiss" (meaning "hot" in German) has stuck.</p><br>
<h2>Adjacent islands</h2><br>
<p>7 km to the east of Heiss Island&#39;s eastern shore lie the Komsomol Islands (Острова Комсомольские; Ostrova Komsomolskiye). They consist of a 7 km-long triangular island and two very small islets off its northern cape. This island group was named after the Soviet time Komsomols.</p><br>
<p>There is a 1.2 km long islet located off a small bay west of Heiss Island&#39;s northeastern cape.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Greely Island  is an island in Franz Josef Land, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia.</p><br>
<p>This island was named after American Arctic explorer Adolphus Greely.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Greely Island&#39;s area is 127 km² and it is almost completely glacierized.</p><br>
<p>Greely Island is part of the Zichy Land subgroup of the Franz Josef Archipelago. It is separated from Ziegler Island by a narrow sound.</p><br>
<h3>Adjacent Islands</h3><br>
<h4>Brosch Island</h4><br>
<p>Ostrov Brosh (Остров Брош), also known as Kuna Island (Kuhn Island), is a large island with unglacierized shores lying off Greely Island&#39;s northern coastline. Maximum height 228 m. This island was named after Gustav Brosch, a naval lieutenant from Bohemia in the Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition. Brosch Island also appears as "Ostrov Kuna" or "Ostrov Kun" in some maps. It was so renamed by the American Ziegler-Fiala Polar Expedition, perhaps not knowing that it had been named previously by the Austro-Hungarians, in a similar manner as La Ronciere Island.</p><br>
<h4>Kane Island</h4><br>
<p>Ostrov Keyna (Остров Кейна), is another large partly unglacierized island lying off Greely Island&#39;s northeastern shore, southeast of Brosch Island and separated from it by a 2 km narrow sound. Maximum height 282 m. Kane Island was named after American Arctic explorer Dr. Elisha Kent Kane.</p><br>
<h2>View</h2><br>
<p>The Aztec Theatre is a historic theater in Downtown San Antonio, Texas, USA.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1926, the Aztec Theatre is a notable example of the impressive exotic-theme motion picture palaces constructed in the United States during the economic boom of the 1920s. The Kellwood Corporation, owned by Robert Bertrum Kelly (the architect on record) and H.C. Woods, constructed the theater in 1926 with the financial backing of Commerce Reality at a cost of $1.75 million.</p><br>
<p>The Aztec Theatre was part of the Theater district that included the Empire (1914), the Texas (1926), the Majestic (1929), and the Alameda (1949).</p><br>
<p>Though the theater remained highly popular for many decades, by the 1970s, it was in decline. It was cut into three auditoriums as the Aztec Triplex, but this only slowed the eventual. In 1989, the Aztec closed. Since October 1992, the theatre has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places, which helped save it from demolition.</p><br>
<p>Based on San Antonio’s Riverwalk, the second most popular tourist attraction in Texas, the new Aztec Theatre re-opened in August 2009 as a concert venue.</p><br>
<p>San Antonio Rose Live was a two-hour live show featuring traditional country, western swing, and gospel music. Featuring the San Antonio Rose Live Band composed of 9 world-class musicians from Nashville, Branson, Austin and San Antonio. This show closed in February 2012 due to "the current and future economic circumstances".</p><br>
<p>The Aztec Theatre was leased in September 2013. The new leaseholders are turning the theatre into a multi-purpose event center, which will host public and private functions, as well as provide a venue for musical acts. The website is located at http://www.theaztectheatre.com.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural features</h2><br>
<p>The Aztec was designed by the firm of Meyer & Holler.</p><br>
<p>Listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1992, it is decorated with vibrantly-colored columns, sculptures, furnishings and murals, many of which are authentic reproductions of Meso-American artifacts. Hanging in front of the stage is the original fire screen, a painting depicting the meeting of the Aztec ruler Montezuma II and Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés in 1519.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the theater is embellished with fixtures, furnishings, relief carvings, sculpture, plaques, painted symbols and architectural elements inspired by the Aztec, Mixtec, Zapotec, Toltec, and Mayan cultures. The theater is housed in a six-story office building.</p><br>
<p>A massive two-ton chandelier dominates the theater lobby. Added to the theatre in 1929, the chandelier has been completely restored by the grandson of the original designer. The chandelier was installed the same day the stock market crashed in 1929.</p><br>
<p>The Aztec Theatre is quoted in Patricia Schultz&#39;s travel book 1,000 Places to See Before You Die.</p><br>
<h2>Retail shops</h2><br>
<p>The remaining features of the Riverwalk level of the Aztec Theatre include:</p><br>
<p>Rio San Antonio Cruises: River cruises with entertaining narratives of the rich history of the San Antonio River. http://www.riosanantonio.com/</p><br>
<p>Agave Bar: named one of the top ten tequila bars in the country, it feature over 80 selections of tequila from Mexico and specialize in a variety of margaritas and tequila drinks unique to Texas.</p><br>
<p>Iron Cactus Mexican Grill: Tex Mex restaurant. http://www.ironcactus.com/</p><br>
<p>The New Hampshire Governors Mansion, known as "Bridges House", is the official residence of the Governor of New Hampshire and the governors family. Bridges House, located in Concord, the capital of New Hampshire, has served as the governor&#39;s official residence since 1969.</p><br>
<p>Bridges House was built by Charles Graham about 1836. Styles Bridges, governor of New Hampshire (1935–36) and USA senator for 25 years thereafter, lived here from 1946 until his death. Bequeathed to the state upon the death of his widow Doloris Bridges, in 1969 it became the governor&#39;s official residence.</p><br>
<p>The previous governor, Maggie Hassan, is from Exeter, a town in southeastern New Hampshire. When she first became governor, she did not reside at Bridges House, but instead on the campus of Phillips Exeter Academy where her husband, Thomas Hassan, served as principal.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 22, 2005 as H. Styles Bridges House, reference number 05001444.</p><br>
<p>The Hammonasset River is formed about 4 mi southeast of Durham, Connecticut along a gully on the north end of Bunker Hill at about a half mile northeast of the junction of Route 148 and Bunker Hill Road. The river travels for 21.0 mi to Clinton Harbor on Long Island Sound just east of Hammonasset Beach State Park. A popular paddling route runs for about 10 mi starting along Summer Hill Road about 2.5 mi south on Route 79 from North Madison, Connecticut. This is a scenic river run with mostly flat and quickwater, but with a few Class I-II whitewater areas.</p><br>
<p>The Hammonasset were a tribe of Algonquian Native Americans who had their "digging grounds" in this part of Connecticut, from the west bank of the Connecticut River to the Hammonasset River along the coast. The act of the Connecticut General Court, May 10, 1666, that established New London County mentioned as the county&#39;s western bounds "Homonoscet Plantation", which was settled by the English in 1663, now Killingworth. The name was also spelled "Homonoscitt" in some records.</p><br>
<p>Woody&#39;s Knob , at an elevation of 4,170 feet, is a summit or "knob" in the Blue Ridge Mountains and one of the highest points in the unincorporated village of Little Switzerland and in Mitchell County, North Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Described by North Carolina Geodetic Survey of 1982, the summit of Woodys Knob is located approximately 2.10 statute miles (3.4 km) north northwest of the village of Little Switzerland and 3.25 statute miles (5.2 km) southwest of Spruce Pine, North Carolina. The spike station is a standard NCGS bronze disk stamped "SPRUCE PINE NCDOT 4170 ft" set into the top of a round concrete monument 30 cm in diameter projecting 5 cm above ground located directly underneath the Spruce Pine Lookout and Firetower, which was constructed in 1958 as part of the Forest Services efforts to detect woodland fires. Unmanned and standing 68.9 feet in height, today it serves as a communications transmission facility.</p><br>
<p>By vehicle, the mountain top is 5.1 statute miles from uptown Little Switzerland and the Blue Ridge Parkway. Approaching Woodys Knob on Old Chestnut Grove Church Road, Neideiger Road, Lake Laurel and Emerald Mine Road; gravel paved Firetower Road terminates at the grass covered summit. Along with the firetower mentioned above, at the mountain top stands four concrete block electric and generator houses, a wooden outhouse, one micro-wave tower, numerous vhf and uhf receivers and transceivers, a USA Forestry Service air monitoring station and a 180 high Homeland Security/North Carolina Highway Patrol Communications Viper Tower.</p><br>
<h2>Waypoints</h2><br>
<p>From the firetower and above the tree line, a 360° panorama, covering no less than 4 counties, can be seen. To the north northeast are the white feldspar cliffs of Chalk Mountain above Spruce Pine, North Carolina. Grandfather Mountain (5964 ft.), Hawksbill (4020 ft.) and Table Rock Mountain (4100 ft.) can be seen towards the east with Marion, the Blue Ridge Parkway and Lynn Gap to the south south east. From south to north rise the spruce and fir covered eastern slopes of the Black Mountains comprising at least a dozen peaks along the visible ridge with Mt. Mitchell (6684 ft.) following close to a dozen Rocks, Mounts, Gaps, Hills, Peaks and Cones northwards terminating with Celo Knob (6327 ft.) abruptly cresting downwards to Burnsville. Due west downhill is Emerald Mine Road, Bushy Creek, Crabtree Mt. and Hoot Owl Mine. In the valley beyond is Micaville and the South Toe River, with Burnsville and eastern Yancey County towards the horizon. Northwards, completing the 360° view, the Roan Highlands Massif stretches along the Mitchell County, NC and Carter County, TN state line.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The weather atop Woodys Knob ranges from one extreme to another. During the summer months, early morning fog is frequent and daytime temperatures average in the low 70s to low 50s at night. Wintertime, temperatures easily dip into double digits below zero. Add to that, a wind chill factor caused by the prevailing wintertime north westerlies which have been measured from atop the firetower at hurricane-force winds. Ice storms can occur as early as late November which can make traveling to the top of the mountain a challenge. Average rainfall on the mountaintop is 58 inches and normal snowfall is 20 to 25 inches annually. Springtime arrives late as flower buds and leaves arent in full bloom until after late April. Rhododendron, mountain laurel and wildflowers are blooming by mid May and blackberries and strawberries are ready to pick by mid summer while fall colors on the mountain are at their most brilliant by the last week of October.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Wildlife in the area include white-tailed deer, wild turkey, gray wolf, bobcat, various species of hummingbirds, cardinals, hawks, owls, bats, eastern gray squirrels, southern flying squirrels, eastern box turtles, eastern diamondback rattlesnakes and scarlet kingsnakes, salamanders and an occasional appearance of a black bear with cubs or a golden eagle.</p><br>
<p>The Ohio Governor&#39;s Residence and Heritage Garden is the official residence of the Governor of Ohio. The residence was built during 1923–1925 by industrialist Malcolm D. Jeffrey and has served as the official home of the governor since 1957. The mansion is located at 358 North Parkview Avenue in Bexley, a suburb and enclave of the state capital, Columbus.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The current mansion that houses the governor is the second governor’s mansion and was purchased in 1957 to house the governor and his family. The original residence, located at 1234 East Broad Street in Columbus, was purchased after an embarrassing incident in 1916 occurred with the governor-elect James M. Cox. Governors were expected to find their own housing and Mr. Cox was expecting to move into a house after his recent election. Unfortunately, this house was rented to the newly elected Secretary of State, William D. Fulton. In an effort to avoid such incidents, House Bill 559 was passed to secure a residence for the governor during his tenure.</p><br>
<p>The first house was purchased in 1919 and had been built in 1905 for Charles H. Lindenberg, a local business owner and a founder of M.C. Lilley and Company. The house served as the official residence of the Ohio Governor until the late 1950s after the house became dilapidated and needed extensive repairs and renovations. When it was discovered these repairs were not covered in the budget, the state found it would be cheaper to find a new residence altogether.</p><br>
<p>The residence in Bexley, Ohio was commissioned by Malcolm Jeffrey, the son of J. A. Jeffrey, founder of Jeffrey Manufacturing Company. It was designed by Robert Gilmore Hanford, a Columbus-based architect. Ground was broken for the house in 1923 and it was completed in 1925. The Jeffreys occupied the home until Malcolm Jeffreys death in 1930. It was then sold to Florence Jeffrey Carlile, Malcolm Jeffreys sister. Under Mrs. Carliles ownership the house gained a master suite on the second floor as well as a screened porch. Upon Mrs. Carliles death in 1954, the house was turned over to the Very Reverend Charles U. Harris, who in turn offered the residence to the state. The house has been occupied by Ohio&#39;s governors ever since, except for 1975–1983, the third and fourth terms of Governor James A. Rhodes. (He had lived in the house during his first two terms, from 1963 to 1971, but then acquired a Columbus residence of his own and remained there after his return to the governorship.)</p><br>
<p>Current Governor, John Kasich, has a residence in Westerville and does not use the Governor&#39;s Mansion.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The residence is framed by Parkview Avenue to the west, Maryland Avenue to the north, and Columbia Avenue to the east. The house is surrounded on all sides by the Heritage Garden; to the northeast is the Carriage House, Gift Shop & Guest Services, and Greenhouse. Directly in front of the main entrance is the Heritage Fountain.</p><br>
<h3>Heritage Garden</h3><br>
<p>When the Governor’s Residence was relocated to its current location the grounds were occupied by some plants and trees. Over time several works of art, perimeter fencing and low garden walls were installed and resulted in the development of the current gardens. The Heritage Garden was developed and planted in 2001, under the guidance of First Lady Hope Taft. The purpose of the garden is to depict the diverse geological areas of Ohio. The new gardens and recent additions such as the solar panels and porous driveway have led to recognition as the grounds being the greenest governor’s residence in America.</p><br>
<p>As one starts from the Carriage House and passes by the northern gates, the Geologic Walk is presented. This walk circles the entire residence and begins the tour of the geological regions of Ohio. The Allegheny Garden extends along the length of the property wall from the entry gates on Maryland Avenue to the entry gate on Parkview Avenue. This garden depicts the northeastern area of Ohio. Several trees and plants present in this garden are not from the Allegheny region but have remained due to being part of the original landscape. At the end of this garden is a 16-ton boulder carried by a glacier from Canada to Ohio during the Ice Age.</p><br>
<p>The rest of the west lawn consists of the Governor’s Grove and celebrates the residents of the home. Each governor has planted a tree in this area, such as the Honey locust planted by C. William O&#39;Neill, the Higan cherry planted by John J. Gilligan, and the six Redbuds planted by Dick Celeste, in honor of his six children. A Kentucky coffeetree was given to the residence as a gift from Governor Ernie Fletcher of Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>Extending from the entrance to the residence is the Arrival Plaza, a starting point for anyone touring the premises, which then forms the First Lady’s Courtyard. The Heritage Fountain is a centerpiece to the courtyard. Symmetrical plantings surround the courtyard and two flagpoles flying the national and state flag frame the western end of the courtyard.</p><br>
<p>The Meadow Garden and the Woodland Garden frame the southern border of the property. The County Walk, a collection of stones bearing the names of each county, leads from the drive to the gardens and past the Taxus Hedge into the Dogwood Glade. A large brick depiction of the Great Seal of Ohio sits to the south of the glade and is a gift from Licking County during the George Voinovich administration.</p><br>
<p>Past the state seal are the Sister State Cherry Trees given to Ohio from the Saitama Prefecture in Japan. These trees frame the First Family Patio. Standing to the south of the patio is a clone of a Tidal Basin Yoshino cherry tree in the District of Columbia. The tree was formally donated by the United States National Arboretum.</p><br>
<p>The Water Garden sits to the north of the patio and consists of 6 pools with 2 large urns in the corners to recirculate the water. The water garden features a diverse collection of aquatic plants. The Black Swamp Garden is located to the east of the patio, and above this is a crab apple grove with the sculpture named “To Life.” This sculpture by Alfred Tibor depicts a father with a child on his shoulders, a mother, and two children playing around them.</p><br>
<p>The Headlands Sand Dune Garden, representing the Lake Erie shoreline, is located to the east of the apple grove, with the Oak Openings Sand Dune, representing the landscape to the west of Toledo, framing the path on the other side. These gardens represent an area of Ohio made when glaciers deposited a yellow-brown sand from the bed of Lake Erie. When the glaciers retreated and the lake levels dropped, the sand was left and formed hills and ridges making its own unique habitat. Some notable plants in this garden are the blue sundial lupine and the prickly pear cactus. The old willow tree standing in the garden dates back to when the house was built and provides some shade to the garden.</p><br>
<p>The Alvar Rock Garden & Fen contains two somewhat circular flower beds with large bare slabs of dolomite and limestone. The larger “island” contains slabs with glacial striations and planting of hardy plants such as the Lakeside Daisy. The smaller “island” contains a slab containing numerous fossils and is surrounded by the same plant varieties found in the larger bed.</p><br>
<p>The Appalachian Garden frames the southeastern corner of the gardens and represents the Appalachian Plateau. The garden consists of raised beds with outcropping of rocks. These resemble the rocky “hanging gardens” in which plants creep out and hang over the edges of cliff sides and outcrops of the area. These hanging gardens feature large stones from the washed out covered bridge near Zanesville and large Peebles dolomite from Adams County.</p><br>
<p>The Pioneer Garden is located in the center of the eastern garden. The focal point is a cutting-grown apple tree of one of the few living trees planted by Johnny "Appleseed" Chapman. Surrounding this area are plants with major significant roles in the lives of the early pioneers of Ohio.</p><br>
<p>The Earths Harvest Agricultural Garden is directly in front of the greenhouse. The garden was planted originally by Governor Celeste and was expanded to its current size. The many raised beds allow a great variety of plants to grow, as well as room for rows of fruit trees, berry plants, and grapevines. Hammy Birthday Ohio, a large sculpture sponsored by the Ohio Bicentennial Commission, was placed in this garden after participating in Cincinnatis Big Pig Gig event. The sides of the pig depict a bicentennial barn on one side and a cornfield on the other.</p><br>
<p>The Walled Garden in the far northeast corner of the property provides enough flowers for the decoration of the house, and plenty of vegetables for the daily consumption of the residence. The garden also houses several plants found only along the banks of the Ohio River, including the renowned Ammon’s Blue.</p><br>
<p>The Greenhouse sits between the garden and the Carriage House/Gift Shop. The main charge of the Greenhouse is to nurse sick plants back to health and to start new plants for the gardens. The Gift Shop and Service Building was built to benefit the Friends of the Governor’s Residence and Heritage Garden, a non-profit organization with the responsibility of the maintenance of the property. Large solar panels grace the roof of these structures and supply the residence with electricity with the extra power being sold back to the city.</p><br>
<p>The Kettle Lake Bog rests directly to the south of the carriage house. The Kettle Lake Bog Garden is partially enclosed by curved brick walls with built-in benches. In the center is a depression once used as a fishpond, but was partially filled with quartz gravel and was transformed into a bog. Cranberry, Pitcher plant, Peat, Sphagnum moss and Bog orchid are some of the plants that fill the current garden.</p><br>
<p>The Garden of the Lost also rests in the location as the bog and illustrate the many plants that were lost to Ohio due to glacial movements and climate changes. Some of the plants in this garden are Sweetbay magnolia and Florida corkwood.</p><br>
<p>The reverse L-shaped Jeffrey-Carlile Rose Garden is located at the northern end of the East Terrace and contain several varieties of roses bred by Ohioans. There has been a rose garden located in the area ever since the building of the house. The roses planted by the Carliles died due to soil-borne illnesses and disease. Master gardeners were hired to replant and cultivate the gardens.</p><br>
<p>Across the East Lawn from the Rose Garden is the L-shaped Prairie Garden. River gravel lines the beds and represents the western half of the state. Among the plants found in the garden are Shooting stars, Spiderwort, and Purple coneflower. The pergola runs along the southern border of this garden and has several climbing plants such as Wisteria and Clematis.</p><br>
<h3>Residence</h3><br>
<p>The residence is of the Jacobean Revival style, with a few modern elements blending into the original scheme. The walls consist of a combination of stucco and limestone with Bedford stone quoins on the corners, capping of the gables, and framing the windows and doorframes. The stone exterior are broken up by portions of half-timbered panels on the second floor. The gable roof is of sturdy pitched slate with several large brick chimneys protruding from the house. The second floor also contains several bay windows.</p><br>
<p>The front entrance is reached by a flight of stairs and sits within a two-story gabled projection. Doric pilasters are carved into the sides of the door frame and support carved rosettes located above and around the door. As the projection reaches towards the sky, machicolation adds interest to the vertical plane. The large oak door rests on massive hinges and has several carved recessed panels and serves as a transition to the inside.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The first floor of the residence serves as public rooms and reception areas. These rooms feature works of notable Ohioans or are historic to the house collections. The second floor houses the private quarters of the governor and his family and represents the preferences of the governor.</p><br>
<p>The entrance hall is laid out over a polished slate stone floor and carved oak paneling reaching up to the oak-beamed ceiling. A staircase with a carved open strapwork- pattern balustrade graces the hall. Two torchieres and chairs original to the house are located to either side of the door as well as a chest belonging to Mrs. Carlile, the last private resident of the house.</p><br>
<p>The formal dining room is located to the left of the entrance hall and has full oak paneling and plaster ceiling decorations shaped like rosettes. A carved stone fireplace and mantel is recessed into the wall to the right. The fireplace has a decorative carved frieze supporting the mantel and is resting on Doric pilasters. A bay window is the focal point of the room and has a small lip forming the base. The bay is formed by six large rectangular bottom windows with six smaller square windows on top. To the left of the room are two sets of French doors with a rectangular window above. A large dining table rests in the middle of the room, with a gold and crystal chandelier hanging above the table.</p><br>
<p>The sunken living room is located to the right of the entrance hall and also has full oak paneling and plaster decorative rosettes on the ceiling. A fireplace identical to the one in the dining room sits across from the entrance hall doors. To the right is a large bay window much like the one in the dining room, which overlooks the front yard and gardens. Two large French doors frame the fireplace and lead to the sitting room beyond.</p><br>
